The Sonochemical Approach for Hydrogen Production
Among various applied aspects of sonochemistry, the sonochemical production of hydrogen is of great interest, although available experimental data on this field is in general very limited. Sonochemistry is an environmentally friendly area of chemistry whe
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The Sonochemical Approach for Hydrogen Production Slimane Merouani
and Oualid Hamdaoui
Contents 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Introduction Sonochemistry and Sonoreactors Sonochemical Production of Hydrogen: Literature Data Mechanism of the Sonochemical Production of Hydrogen Factors Influencing the Sonochemical Production of Hydrogen 1.5.1 Frequency 1.5.2 Intensity 1.5.3 Static Pressure 1.5.4 Liquid Temperature 1.5.5 Saturation Gas 1.5.6 pH 1.6 Active Bubble Sizes for the Sono-Production of Hydrogen 1.7 Relationship Between the Bubble Temperature and Pressure and the Production Rate of Hydrogen 1.8 Dependence of the Sonochemical Production of Hydrogen to Liquid Depth/Height: A Scale-Up Approach 1.9 Intensification Techniques for Hydrogen Production by Ultrasound 1.10 Conclusion and Future Directions References
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S. Merouani Faculty of Process Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Salah Boubnider Constantine 3 University, Constantine, Algeria O. Hamdaoui (*) Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Inamuddin, A. Asiri (eds.), Sustainable Green Chemical Processes and their Allied Applications, Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42284-4_1
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S. Merouani and O. Hamdaoui
1.1 Introduction Hydrogen is the perfect fuel of the future, its thermal energy is very high, and products resulting from its combustion are very ecological, since they do not include CO2 or other non-environmentally friendly substances (Haryanto et al. 2005). Currently, fossil fuels are the main source of hydrogen production through several methods such as steam reforming, gasification, and partial oxidation (Haryanto et al. 2005; Dincer 2012; Dincer and Acar 2015). Alternative ways, i.e., water electrolysis, biological photosynthesis, and photocatalysis, were developed as clean and renewable technologies for hydrogen production (Ni et al. 2007; Das and Veziroglu 2008; Chakik et al. 2017). The high-energy phenomena provoked by power ultrasound (20–1000 kHz) in water, i.e., water sonolysis, has attracted attention to involve ultrasound as an alternative technique for the production of hydrogen (Islam et al. 2019). Several researches were conducted at variable experimental conditions and allowed to conclude that sonolysis generates hydrogen at a rate higher than that produced by photocatalysis by factor of 200 (Gentili et al. 2009). Organic sonochemistry, sonocatalysis, and sonochemical preparation of nanomaterials are the most common applications of sonication in these last two decades, even though other uses in extraction, water treatment, biomass valorization, and polymer chemistry were also explored (Chatel 2019). All these sonochemical applications of ultrasound can simultaneously be accompanied by hydrogen production. However, it is surprisingly viewed that there exist only very limited
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