The spin-off to civilian medical practice in the UK and USA from medical research developed during conflict
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The spin‑off to civilian medical practice in the UK and USA from medical research developed during conflict Grant Lewison1,2 · Philip Roe2 · Richard Sullivan1 · Martin Bricknell3 Received: 3 September 2020 / Accepted: 26 September 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract Expertise in the treatment of wounded and mentally damaged military personnel can be transferred to the clinical care of civilian patients by military clinicians though academic publications and working alongside civilian colleagues. Citations to papers written by military authors by civilian researchers can show the transfer of this military knowledge into civilian practice. We examined citations to UK and US academic papers on military physical and mental injury from 2001 to 2018 in the Web of Science, and determined the numbers from civilian and military sources in the authors’ own country, and for the US papers, also the Veterans Administration. United States civilian researchers contributed to 52% of the US citations in 2006, rising to 65% in 2018. The numbers of US citing papers from the individual states correlated fairly well with their population sizes. For the UK, civilian citations to its papers also increased with time, but were heavily concentrated in London and Birmingham. This study shows that it is possible to track the diffusion of knowledge in the experience of treating combat casualties from military authors to subsequent military and civilian publications through analysis of the citation history of the original papers. Keywords Warfare · Surgery · Civil spin-off · Citations
* Grant Lewison [email protected] Philip Roe [email protected] Richard Sullivan [email protected] Martin Bricknell [email protected] 1
King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
2
Evaluametrics Ltd, 157 Verulam Road, St Albans AL3 4DW, UK
3
School of Security Studies, King’s College London, Conflict & Health Research Group, King’s Building, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Scientometrics
Introduction The concept of "spin-off" is used in several different contexts. It may refer to the growing practice in universities, and other research institutions, of facilitating the creation of start-up companies based on the technology (and usually, patents) developed in academia (O’Shea et al. 2005; Kroll and Liefner 2008; Abramo et al. 2012; Boh et al. 2016). This is particularly pronounced in the "biotechnology" field, where ideas for new pharmaceutical drugs have often led to successful new companies, and riches for the entrepreneurial professors, provided that they are able to protect and defend their intellectual property (Mets et al. 2007). However, the term is also used in connection with the search for the use in the commercial sector of technology developed by governments, notably in the space and defence sectors. In space, there is now abundant evidence of the civil benefits through global positioning (Hofmann-Wellenhof et al. 2008), telecommunications (W
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