The Spine in Sports Injuries: The Cervical Spine
Cervical spine injuries are extremely common in athletes and range from minor strains and sprains to severe, life-threatening cervical fractures with spinal cord injuries. A basic understanding of cervical spine anatomy and biomechanics, imaging indicatio
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11 Differential Diagnosis
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References
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Introduction
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Anatomical Considerations
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Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine
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Abstract
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Radiological Examination
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Cervical Strain and Sprain
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Burners and Stingers
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Nerve Root and Plexus Avulsion
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Cervical Disc Herniation
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ransient Quadriparesis and Spinal T Stenosis
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Cervical spine injuries are extremely common in athletes and range from minor strains and sprains to severe, life-threatening cervical fractures with spinal cord injuries. A basic understanding of cervical spine anatomy and biomechanics, imaging indications, and most appropriate imaging techniques, as well as of the most common types of injury, is necessary for any physician ordering and/or interpreting imaging studies of athletes who suffer from acute or chronic cervical spine injury. Furthermore, radiologists should be able to recognize predisposing conditions, more specifically congenital spinal stenosis, which increase the risk for serious cervical spine injury in athletes even after a minor trauma. This chapter provides multiple examples of cervical spine injuries in athletes, highlighting the imaging findings in these injuries and the imaging modalities that can be used to assess such injuries.
10 Catastrophic Cervical Spine Injuries
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S. Dekeyzer (*) · S. Van den Bossche L. van den Hauwe Department of Radiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium e-mail: [email protected] F. M. Vanhoenacker Department of Radiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium Department of Radiology, AZ Sint Maarten, Mechelen, Belgium Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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P. M. Parizel Department of Radiology, Royal Perth Hospital (RPH), University of Western Australia (UWA) Medical School, Perth, WA, Australia
Injuries to the spine are commonly associated with all kinds of sports activities, both contact and noncontact sports, and at all levels of compe-
Introduction
Med Radiol Diagn Imaging (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/174_2020_259, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG
S. Dekeyzer et al.
tition ranging from the high school level to the professional level (Boden and Jarvis 2008). They are most common in athletes younger than 30 years of age, and the associated activity varies by region. Ice hockey injuries are common in Canada, while rugby injuries are common in Europe, South Africa, and Australia. In the United States, (American) football is the leading cause of sports-related cervical injury, although the majority of injuries are sprains. Within Europe, the epidemiology is variable (Schroeder and Vaccaro 2016). The spectrum of potential spinal injuries is wide; the vast majority of injuries are self- limiting, others require conservative therapy, and a minority require surgical intervention. Sports injuries involving the cervical spine include acute cervical sprain/strain, intervertebral disc
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