The Stroop-matching task as a tool to study the correspondence effect using images of graspable and non-graspable object
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The Stroop‑matching task as a tool to study the correspondence effect using images of graspable and non‑graspable objects Ariane Leão Caldas1,3 · Walter Machado‑Pinheiro1 · Olga Daneyko2 · Lucia Riggio3 Received: 27 April 2017 / Accepted: 20 April 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The Stroop-matching task is a variation of the Stroop task in which participants have to compare a Stroop stimulus attribute (color or word) to a second stimulus. The Stroop-matching response conflict (SMRC) represents an interference related to the processes involved in selection/execution of manual responses. In the present study, we developed a variation of the Stroop-matching task in which the Stroop stimuli were matched to graspable objects (a cup) with intact or broken handles laterally oriented (Experiment 1) or to colored bars laterally presented (Experiment 2). It allowed testing the presence of the correspondence effect for lateralized handles and bars and its possible influence on SMRC. Two different intervals (100 and 800 ms) were also included to investigate time modulations in behavioral performance (reaction time and accuracy). Fifty-five volunteers participated in the study. In both experiments, significant SMRC was found, but no interaction occurred between SMRC and correspondence effect, supporting that the hypothesis of different and relatively independent psychological mechanisms is at the basis of each effect. Because significant facilitation for ipsilateral motor responses (correspondence effect) occurred for graspable objects but not for lateralized bars, the attentional shift/spatial-coding view was not able to completely explain our data, and therefore, the grasping affordance hypothesis remained as the most plausible explanation. The time course of facilitation observed in the first experiment and by others indicates the importance of further studies to better understand the time dynamic of facilitation/inhibition of motor responses induced by graspable objects.
Introduction The human brain enables the processing of complex and varying information coming from an environment by filtering and distinguishing relevant and irrelevant information. In the Stroop task, subjects are required to respond to the surface color of stimuli while ignoring the word. The socalled Stroop effect relies on the behavioral phenomenon that participants spent more time naming the surface color of an incongruent color-word stimulus (e.g., BLUE written in red) than a congruent one (e.g., RED written in red) or * Walter Machado‑Pinheiro [email protected] 1
Lab. de Psicofisiologia Cognitiva, Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Instituto de Humanidades e Saúde, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Recife, s/n, Rio das Ostras, RJ 28890‑532, Brazil
2
Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
3
Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
a colored bar (Stroop, 1935; MacLeod, 1991). The in
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