The Sun An Introduction
A wealth of new experimental and theoretical results has been obtained in solar physics since the first edition of this textbook appeared in 1989. Thus all nine chapters have been thoroughly revised, and about 100 pages and many new illustrations have bee
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I. Appenzeller, Heidelberg, Germany G. B¨orner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, M¨unchen, Germany M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia T. Encrenaz, Meudon, France M. Harwit, Washington, DC, USA R. Kippenhahn, G¨ottingen, Germany J. Lequeux, Paris, France A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Michael Stix
The Sun An Introduction Second Edition With 225 Figures, Including 16 Color Figures, and 27 Tables
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Dr. Michael Stix Kiepenheuer-Institut f¨ur Sonnenphysik Sch¨oneckstrasse 6 79104 Freiburg, Germany
Cover picture: Sunspot and solar photosphere, observed in the G band at 430 nm with the German Vacuum Tower Telescope, Tenerife. An adaptive optics system of the National Solar Observatory, Tucson, was used, and the image was further processed by a speckle technique at the Universit¨at G¨ottingen. Courtesy O. von der L¨uhe
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek. Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at .
Second Edition 2002. Corrected Second Printing 2004 ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN 978-3-642-62477-3 ISBN 978-3-642-56042-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-56042-2 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2002 Softconer erprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 2002 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Frank Herweg, Leutershausen Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper
SPIN 10973264
55/3141/ba - 5 4 3 2 1 0
To Jakob
Preface to the Second Edition
Since this introduction to the physics of the Sun first appeared in 1989, significant progress has been made in solar research. New insights grew especially from the results of space missions, above all SOHO, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, which in 1996 reached its orbit around the Lagrangian point L1 between the Earth and the Sun. Refined theoretical models have been advanced as well, but clearly, in my view, the lead was on the observational side. For the present edition I have r
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