The surface tensions of indium and cadmium
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s u r f a c e
t e n s i o n s of liquid i n d i u m and c a d m i u m have b e e n m e a s u r e d and the data a r e p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n . The work is the outcome of a p r o g r a m of liquid m e t a l s r e s e a r c h a g r e e d to with the I n t e r n a t i o n a l L e a d - Z i n c R e s e a r c h O r g a n i z a t i o n through the C a n a d i a n Zinc and Lead R e s e a r c h C o m m i t t e e . The work has b e e n c a r r i e d out in the P h y s i c a l M e t a l l u r g y D i v i s i o n of the M i n e s B r a n c h of the D e p a r t m e n t of E n e r g y , Mines and R e s o u r c e s , Ottawa, C a n a d a . As in p r e v i o u s p h a s e s of the p r o g r a m 1'2 in the l a b o r a t o r y , e m p h a s i s has b e e n placed on s y s t e m a t i c e x perimental care.
At the m e l t i n g point, the s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of 99.9999 pct In c a l c u l a t e d with the equation is 560 (+ 5) dyne p e r c m , the e r r o r l i m i t s of 9 5 dyne per c m being added to allow for the p o s s i b l e p r e s e n c e of s y s t e m a t i c e r r o r s . To p r o v i d e m o r e d e t a i l e d data at t e m p e r a t u r e s j u s t above the m e l t i n g point, the s u r f a c e t e n s i o n was m e a s u r e d f r o m 160 ~ to 240~ with r e s u l t s which a r e d e picted in the i n s e t of Fig. 1. In Fig. 2, the m a i n c u r v e has been d r a w n again for p u r p o s e s of c o m p a r i s o n with the r e s u l t s of p r e v i o u s w o r k . 6-15
METHOD AND APPARATUS
The s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of 99.9999 pct Cd was d e t e r m i n e d f r o m the m e l t i n g point (320.9~ up to a t e m p e r a t u r e of about 550~ u n d e r conditions a p p r o x i m a t i n g t h e r m a l e q u i l i b r i u m . The r e s u l t s a r e shown in F i g . 3 and a r e p r e s e n t e d again in F i g . 4 for p u r p o s e s of c o m p a r i s o n with the work of o t h e r s . 9'16-21 At the m e l t i n g point, the s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of 99.9999 pct c a d m i u m i s 590 dyne p e r c m . Although the high
Surface t e n s i o n has b e e n c a l c u l a t e d by B a s h f o r t h ' s o r i g i n a l method, 3-5 f r o m m e a s u r e m e n t s on m a g n i f i e d photographic i m a g e s of s e s s i l e d r o p s u s i n g t a b l e s p r o d u c e d by the a u t h o r P The a p p a r a t u s and t e c h n i q u e s evolved over a n u m b e r of y e a r s to r e n d e r a c c u r a t e photographs have been adequately d e s c r i b e d and i l l u s t r a t e d in p a s t p u b l i c a t i o n s . l ' 4
Cadmium
I
RESULTS Indium In t h r e e s e p a r a t e r u n s , the s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of 99.9999 pct In was d e t e r m i n e d over a r a n g e of t e m p e r a t u r e f r o m the m e l t i n g point (156.6~ to about 557~ u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s of t h e r m a l e q u i l i b r i u m . T h e s e data can be c l o s e l y a p p r o x i m a t e d by the slightly hooked line which is the m a i n c u r v e of F i g . 1 and, with a c e r t a i n t y of b e t t
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