The Technological Tradition of Korean Black Ware and The Indigenous Development of Glaze Technology In Korea During The
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The Technological Tradition Of Korean Black Ware And The Indigenous Development Of Glaze Technology In Korea During The First Millennium A.D. Jennifer J. Hooper Materials Science and Engineering Department The Johns Hopkins University 3400 N. Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
Pamela B. Vandiver Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education 4210 Silver Hill Road Suitland, MD 20746, USA
ABSTRACT A collection of 70 black ware shards excavated from 16 kiln sites in South Korea and dating from the 3rd-13th centuries were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron beam microprobe analysis to determine the range of technological variability in composition, microstructure and firing temperature. Materials analysis provided a means of deconstructing and reconstructing the development of (1) consistent high temperature firing, (2) unintentional ash glazing on black ware, (3) intentionally applied black glazes, (4) the relationship of grey and black glazes to green and white ones. This paper addresses issues of the influence of high-firing technology on glaze development and the development and continuity of the black glaze tradition. In addition, the black glazed Onggi ware of the late 19th century was compared to the earlier black-glaze tradition, once stabilized in composition in the Koryo dynasty, and results suggest a technological connection with the earlier tradition. INTRODUCTION Technical studies of Korean imperial ceramics have typically been limited to the highly revered pale green-glazed Koryo celadons. However, an attempt to understand the technological development of such acclaimed pieces has long been overdue. Through analysis of the black ware tradition from Unified Shilla (668-918AD) imperial wares to the Koryo (918-1392AD) greenware and onto the black-glazed folk tradition of the Onggi, trends were sought out that would indicate the establishment of a well known processing method. The evolutionary development of pyrotechnology and glaze technology has been modeled using three differentiable, but not independent, stages of development unglazed wares, unintentional ashglazed wares, and glazed wares.
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SAMPLES EMPLOYED AND METHODS OF STUDY In order to trace the development of pyrotechnology and glaze technology, an analysis was performed on early stonewares, known as black ware, and black-glazed shards from 16 kiln sites (Sansu-ri, Samyong-ri, Dongsang-ri, Hwagok-ri, Mangsung-ri, Chenae-ri, Kurim-ri, Jinjuk-ri, Samhung-ri, Kusung-ri, Woodong-ri, Maegok-ri, Osa-ri, Jinsan-ri, Wonheung-ri, Gachondong) throughout South Korea. Seventy samples were acquired, spanning a time period from the 3rd to the 13th century AD, and the 19th century AD. Dr. Rha Sun Wha, professor of archaeology at Ewha Woman’s University, provided 69 shards, collected through her team’s excavations over a period of approximately fourteen years (1983-1996). An early celadon shard excavated at Kangjin, and used in a previously published work by Vandiver et al. [1], was made accessible for comparis
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