The Theory of Green Development
The three system of the green development are natural system, economic system and social system. The three key targets of the green development are transforming the natural system from ecological maximum to net welfare surplus, the economic system from gr
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The Theory of Green Development
Making Green Development a Choice. 1 United Nations Development Programme (2002) China’s economic development mode must shift from traditional “black development” to “green development.”, from ecological over-exploitations to ecological restoration, and from ecological deficit to ecological surplus. 2 Hu (2002)
The basis of human civilization has transformed from hunting to agriculture and then to modern industry; now a new ecological civilization, or green civilization, is needed.3 Although industrial civilization has achieved great things with “more massive and more colossal productive forces than … all preceding generations,”4 it has also adversely impacted nature more than all preceding generations, and the dissonance between humanity and nature is larger than ever. What is the biggest challenge for human development in the twenty-first century? We face unprecedented and serious natural crises, extreme climate change, unprecedented shortages of resources and energy, and continuing degradation of the global ecological environment. The question is one of survival as human development reaches a new crossroads: Which path will the world follow? What role will China play? The only correct answer is to resolutely develop an ecological civilization.
UNDP: China Human Development Report 2002: Making Green Development a Choice, UNDP, 2002. 2 Research Center for Contemporary China of Tsinghua University et al. (2005). 3 The Research Group of Chinese Sustainable Development for Forestry Strategy in 2002 stated that the twenty-first century is the century of ecological civilization. Primitive civilization lasted about 1 million years, agricultural civilization has been with us for nearly 10,000 years, while industrial civilization has existed for only 300 years; the twenty-first century will be the century of ecological civilization. “Ecological civilization refers to an ideal civilization characterized by virtuous interactions between mankind and nature, one that follows harmonious social development, is developed from mankind’s spiritual and technological innovations, and which is in accordance with the inherent rules governing the functioning of both nature and society. The main objective of ecological civilization is to optimize and operate natural ecosystems and social–ecological systems to achieve ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable development. Research Group of Chinese Sustainable Development for Forestry Strategy (2002). 4 The Communist Manifesto. 1
A. Hu, China: Innovative Green Development, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54962-5_2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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2 The Theory of Green Development
As Engels said, “Major historical disasters are always mitigated by tremendous historical progress.”5 Every great crisis of human civilization contains the seed of the vitality that will follow at the next level of civilization. Industrial civilization, or what is referred to in China as “black civilization,” has resulted in the cumulative emission of
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