The threat of global mercury pollution to bird migration: potential mechanisms and current evidence
- PDF / 913,485 Bytes
- 13 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 70 Downloads / 184 Views
The threat of global mercury pollution to bird migration: potential mechanisms and current evidence Chad L. Seewagen1
1234567890();,:
1234567890();,:
Accepted: 18 July 2018 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Mercury is a global pollutant that has been widely shown to adversely affect reproduction and other endpoints related to fitness and health in birds, but almost nothing is known about its effects on migration relative to other life cycle processes. Here I consider the physiological and histological effects that mercury is known to have on non-migrating birds and nonavian vertebrates to identify potential mechanisms by which mercury might hinder migration performance. I posit that the broad ability of mercury to inactivate enzymes and compromise the function of other proteins is a single mechanism by which mercury has strong potential to disrupt many of the physiological processes that make long-distance migration possible. In just this way alone, there is reason to expect mercury to interfere with navigation, flight endurance, oxidative balance, and stopover refueling. Navigation and flight could be further affected by neurotoxic effects of mercury on the brain regions that process geomagnetic information from the visual system and control biomechanics, respectively. Interference with photochemical reactions in the retina and decreases in scotopic vision sensitivity caused by mercury also have the potential to disrupt visual-based magnetic navigation. Finally, migration performance and possibly survival might be limited by the immunosuppressive effects of mercury on birds at a time when exposure to novel pathogens and parasites is great. I conclude that mercury pollution is likely to be further challenging what is already often the most difficult and perilous phase of a migratory bird’s annual cycle, potentially contributing to global declines in migratory bird populations. Keywords Methylmercury Migratory Navigation Long-distance flight Stopover Oxidative stress Immunocompetence ●
●
●
Introduction Mercury has become a ubiquitous, global pollutant over the past two centuries as a result of fossil fuel combustion, artisanal gold mining, and other human activities (Driscoll et al. 2007, 2013). The ability of atmospheric mercury to travel long distances before entering aquatic and terrestrial systems via precipitation or cloud water allows mercury to contaminate areas far away from its site of origin (Selin 2009; Driscoll et al. 2013). This widespread atmospheric deposition, combined with local point-source releases of mercury into air, soil, and water is exposing humans and wildlife alike to a toxin that is capable of having myriad
* Chad L. Seewagen [email protected] 1
Great Hollow Nature Preserve & Ecological Research Center, 225 Route 37, New Fairfield, CT, USA
●
●
●
adverse health effects (Wolfe et al. 1998; Selin 2009; Driscoll et al. 2013). Like most contaminants, mercury generally poses the greatest risk to large-bodied, predatory animals that consu
Data Loading...
