The Treatment of Substance Use Disorders in Ukraine
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The Treatment of Substance Use Disorders in Ukraine Olga Zaporozhets & Nick J. Piazza & John M. Laux
# Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract This article examines the prevalence and consequences of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in Ukraine, and the counseling modalities and resources that are available to address the issue. The authors consider the need for a suitable service initiative involving intensive outpatient AOD counseling, focusing on the North American Intensive Outpatient Program (IOP; Wise, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73, 405–410, 2003b) as well as the likely challenges and solutions to implementing such a model. Keywords Alcohol and drug counseling . Intensive Outpatient Program . Ukraine
Introduction Alcohol and Drug Problems in Ukraine Following the Soviet Union’s collapsed in 1991, Ukraine experienced an economic crisis (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2009), which led to decreased quality of life and increased mortality rates associated with alcohol (Krasovsky 2009) and other drug use (Dvoryak 2004). While official Ukrainian statistical sources seem to underestimate alcohol and other drug (AOD) use (Krasovsky 2009), Webb et al. (2005) reported that 38.7 % of men and 8.5 % of women consumed at least 80 g (2.82 oz) of alcohol a day. To provide context for this statistic, the U.S. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) considers a “standard drink” to contain about 0.5 of an ounce of alcohol (NIAAA, n.d.), which makes Ukrainians’ typical alcohol consumption equivalent to more than five U.S. standard drinks per day. In 2004, alcohol consumption was implicated in 24 % of all deaths among Ukrainian males and 6 % of deaths among females (Krasovsky 2009). O. Zaporozhets (*) School of Psychology and Counseling, Regent University, 1000 Regent University Drive, Virginia Beach, VA 23464, USA e-mail: [email protected] N. J. Piazza Department of School Psychology, Higher Education, and Counselor Education, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA J. M. Laux Department of School Psychology, Legal Specialties, and Counselor Education, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
Int J Adv Counselling
Viyevskiy et al. (2012) reported that in Ukrain in 2011, 77,105 people (i.e., 169.1 per 100,000 population) received ongoing outpatient or inpatient help for drug use (not including alcohol and tobacco). Of this number, 53,963 used opioids, 5,182 used cannabis, and 16,651 used more than one type of drug concurrently. The opioid use estimate may be low considering Dvoryak’s (2004) conclusion that Ukrainian heroin use is largely unreported. Dvoryak’s data indicated that typical Ukrainian drug users were young, had a short history of drug use, and were likely financially dependent on their parents. Mental Health Disorders Minkoff (2010) noted that AOD use negatively affected Ukrainian families and often cooccurred with other mental health disorders. Compared to Western European countries, depression rates among women and rates of mental health disorders in gene
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