The tree that hides the forest: cryptic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the Palaearctic vector Obsoletus/Sco
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Parasites & Vectors Open Access
RESEARCH
The tree that hides the forest: cryptic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in the Palaearctic vector Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) at the European level Antoine Mignotte1,2*, Claire Garros1,2*, Laetitia Gardès1,3, Thomas Balenghien1,2,4, Maxime Duhayon1,2, Ignace Rakotoarivony1,2, Laura Tabourin1,2, Léa Poujol1,2, Bruno Mathieu5, Adolfo Ibañez‑Justicia6†, Ahmet Deniz7†, Aleksandar Cvetkovikj8†, Bethan V. Purse9†, David W. Ramilo10†, Despoina Stougiou11†, Doreen Werner12†, Dubravka Pudar13†, Dušan Petrić13†, Eva Veronesi14†, Frans Jacobs6†, Helge Kampen15†, Isabel Pereira da Fonseca10†, Javier Lucientes16†, Javier Navarro17†, Josue Martinez de la Puente18,19†, Jovana Stefanovska8†, Kate R. Searle20†, Khalid Khallaayoune4†, C. Lorna Culverwell21†, Magdalena Larska22†, Maria Bourquia2,4†, Maria Goffredo23†, Marina Bisia11†, Marion England24†, Matthew Robin25†, Michela Quaglia23†, Miguel Ángel Miranda‑Chueca26†, René Bødker27†, Rosa Estrada‑Peña16†, Simon Carpenter24†, Simona Tchakarova28†, Sofia Boutsini11†, Ståle Sviland29†, Stefanie M. Schäfer9†, Zanda Ozoliņa30†, Zanda Segliņa30†, Zati Vatansever7† and Karine Huber1
Abstract Background: Culicoides obsoletus is an abundant and widely distributed Holarctic biting midge species, involved in the transmission of bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV) to wild and domestic ruminants. Females of this vector species are often reported jointly with two morphologically very close species, C. scoticus and C. montanus, forming the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex. Recently, cryptic diversity within C. obsoletus was reported in geographi‑ cally distant sites. Clear delineation of species and characterization of genetic variability is mandatory to revise their taxonomic status and assess the vector role of each taxonomic entity. Our objectives were to characterize and map the cryptic diversity within the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex. Methods: Portion of the cox1 mitochondrial gene of 3763 individuals belonging to the Obsoletus/Scoticus Complex was sequenced. Populations from 20 countries along a Palaearctic Mediterranean transect covering Scandinavia to
*Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † All of the authors participated equally by providing samples 1 ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, Cirad, INRAE, Montpellier, France 2 Cirad, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If materia
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