The Underlying Chemistry of Self-Healing Materials
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hemistry of SelfHealing Materials Kyle A. Williams, Daniel R. Dreyer and Christopher W. Bielawski MRS Bulletin / Volume 33 / Issue 08 / August 2008, pp 759 765 Copyright © Materials Research Society 2008 Published online by Cambridge University Press: January 2011 DOI: 10.1557/mrs2008.162
Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0883769400005741 How to cite this article: Kyle A. Williams, Daniel R. Dreyer and Christopher W. Bielawski (2008). The Underlying Chemistry of SelfHealing Materials. MRS Bulletin,33, pp 759765 doi:10.1557/mrs2008.162 Request Permissions : Click here
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The Underlying
Chemistry of SelfHealing Materials
Kyle A. Williams, Daniel R. Dreyer, and Christopher W. Bielawski Abstract Over the past ten years, a broad range of self-healing materials, systems that can detect when they have been damaged and heal themselves either spontaneously or with the aid of a stimulus, has emerged. Although many unique compositions and components are used to create these materials, they all employ basic chemical reactions to facilitate repair processes. Kinetically controlled ring-opening reactions and reversible metal–ligand interactions have proven useful in autonomic self-healing materials, which require no stimulus (other than the formation of damage) for operation. In contrast, nonautonomic self-healing materials, which require some type of externally applied stimulus (such as heat or light) to enable healing functions, have capitalized on chemistries that utilize either reversible covalent bonds or various types of noncovalent interactions. This review describes the underlying chemistries used in state-of-the-art self-healing materials, as well as those currently in development.
Introduction Healing is a characteristic trait found in all living organisms.1 In advanced systems, a wound is sensed biochemically, and appropriate agents are delivered to the damaged site through closed circulatory systems. This process is entirely autonomic and requires no intervention in healthy organisms. (Diseases such as hemophilia can compromise healing.) Such a powerful biological function has inspired chemists to impart similar properties to synthetic materials to create what essentially are “self-healing materials.” With such materials, one can envision ultra-long-life or extremely durable plastics and rubbers, wear-resistant carpets, aircrafts with self-reinforcing fuselages, self-repairing windows, and even reconfigurable electronics. Over the past 10 years, a broad range of self-healing materials has been invented.2 Although these materials contain different compositions and components, they all use basic chemical reactions as part of their repair mechanisms. The type of chemistry employed, however, ultimately defines the operation of the self-healing material and can be conveniently categorized into two
conceptually distinct classes: (1) autonomic self-healing materials, where harnessed chemical pot
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