The Universe
The universe is the largest system of all. It consists of elementary particles bound together by gravitational, electromagnetic and nuclear forces. Its structural hierar chy in space (from atomic nuclei to supergalaxies) and its evolutionary sequence (fr
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GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS MONOGRAPHS AN INTERNATIONAL SERIES OF FUNDAMENTAL TEXTBOOKS
Editor B. M. MCCORMAC, Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory, Palo Alto, Calif, u.S.A.
Editorial Board R. GRANT ATHA Y, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colo., u.S.A.
P. J. COLEMAN, JR., University of Califomia, Los Angeles, Calif., u.s.A. G.
T. CSANADY, WoodsHoleOceanographicJnstitution, Woods Hole, Mass., u.s.A. D. M. HUNTEN, KittPeakNationalObservatory, Tucson,Ariz., U.S.A. C. DE JAG E R, The Astronomical Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands J. KLECZEK, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Ondfejov, Czechoslovakia
R. LUST, President Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Wissenschaften, Munchen, B.R.D. R. E. MUNN, Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, Ont., Canada
Z. SVESTKA, American Science and Engineering, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A. G. WEILL, Institutd'Astrophysique, Paris, France
VOLUME 11
THE UNIVERSE by JOSIP KLECZEK Astronomical Institute, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Ondfejov, Czechoslovakia
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY OORORECHT-HOLLANO/BOSTON-U.S. A.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Kleczek, Josip. The universe. (Geophysics and astrophysics monographs; v. 11) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Cosmology. I. Title. II. Series. QB981.K64 523.1'2 76-19007 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1487-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1485-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-1485-4
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. Lincoln Building, 160 Old Derby Street, Hingham, Mass. 02043, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1976 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
PREFACE CHAPTER 1.
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
1.1. Properties 1.2. Antiparticles 1.3. System of Elementary Particles Summary CHAPTER 2. PARTICLES AND FORCES
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4.
Nuclear Forces Electromagnetic Forces Weak Interaction Gravitation Summaries
CHAPTER 3.
3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7.
States of Matter Solid State in the Universe Gas in the Universe Plasma in the Universe Corpuscular Radiation Matter at High Temperature Matter at High Densities Summary
CHAPTER 4.
4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.1.
AGGLOMERATION OF PARTICLES
STRUCTURES
Elementary Particles Nuclei and Atoms Molecules and Dust Particles Bodies of Our Planetary System Structure of the Stars Star Systems Galaxies
1 1 7 12 16
19 20 28 66 80 27,65,80,92 95 95 97 100 102 111 117 118 124 127 127 131 138 146 163 181 183
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.8. Clustering of Galaxies 4.9. Large Scale Structure of the Universe Summary CHAPTER 5.
5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6.
EVOLUTION
Evolutiona
