The Vegetation of Egypt
The position of Egypt – at the cross-roads between the Middle East and Africa – has attracted the attention of naturalists and explorers for many centuries. Yet while there are many studies relating to the ecology and biology of Egyptian vegetation, the f
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PLANT AND VEGETATION Volume 2
Series Editor: M.J.A. Werger
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/7549
The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd edition by
M.A. Zahran Emeritus Professor of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt In association with A.J. Willis†
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Prof. M.A. Zahran Mansoura University Faculty of Sciences Dept. Botany Mansoura 35516 Egypt Email, personal: [email protected]
ISBN: 978-1-4020-8755-4
Prof. A.J. Willis† Emeritus Prof. of Plant Ecology, Dept. of Animal & Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8756-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931480 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
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To the Egyptian-British Scientific Cooperation To the Soul of the Late Professor A.J. Willis To Professor M. Kassas, Cairo University To my Colleagues and Students To my family: Ekbal, Ahmed, Amal & Eman (Prof. Dr. M.A. Zahran)
Contents
1
Egypt: The Gift of the Nile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
Physiography, Climate and Soil-Vegetation Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Geological Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Geographical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 The Climate of Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Soil-Vegetation Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 The Western Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 General Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 The Western Mediterranean Coastal Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 The Oases and Depressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Gebel Uweinat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 The Gilf Kebir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3 5 6 7 13 13 14 44 94 99
4 The Eastern Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.1 Geolog
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