The Visual System of Fish
A question often asked of those of us who work in the seemingly esoteric field of fish vision is, why? To some of us the answer seems obvious - how many other visual scientists get to dive in a tropical lagoon in the name of science and then are able to e
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The Visual System of Fish Edited by
Ron Douglas Department of Optometry and Visual Science City University London
and
Mustafa Djamgoz Department of Pure and Applied Biology Imperial College London
CHAPMAN AND HALL LONDON • NEW YORK· TOKYO • MELBOURNE • MADRAS
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INDIA
Chapman and Hall India, R. Sheshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035 First edition 1990 1990 Chapman and Hall Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
©
Typeset in 10/12 pt Plantin by Photoprint 9-11 Alexandra Lane, Torquay, Devon ISBN-13 :978-94-010-6672-3 e- ISBN -13 :978-94-009-0411-8 DO!: 10.1007/978-94-009-0411-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the written permission of the copyright holder and the publisher, application for which shall be made to the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The visual system of fish. 1. Fish. Eyes I. Douglas, Ron II. Djamgoz, Mustafa 597.01823 ISBN-13:978-94-01O-6672-3
III. Series
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available.
Contents Contributors Preface
1 The underwater visual environment
IX Xl
1
Ellis R. Loew and William N. McFarland
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Introduction Definition of terms The photic environment Underwater vision and ultraviolet light Dynamic changes in underwater light - spatiotemporal properties 1.6 The underwater polarized light field Acknowledgements References
2 The optical system of fishes
1 1 6 14
18 32 40 40 45
Russ D. Fernald
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Optics 2.3 Accommodation Acknowledgements References
3
Optical variability of the fish lens
45 45 54 58 59 63
Jake G. Sivak
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Lens shape 3.3 Relative focal length (Matthiessen's ratio) 3.4 Sphericalaberration 3.5 Chromatic aberration 3.6 Functional significance of fish lens quality 3.7 Concluding remarks References
63 66 69 71 74 76 77 77
Contents
VI
4
Visual pigments of fishes
81
James K. Bowmaker
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Visual pigment structure 4.3 Receptortypes 4.4 Distribution of visual pigments References
5 Retinal structure of fishes
81 82 84 87 104 109
Hans-Jochen Wagner
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Diversity of retinal structure 5.3 Differentiation, structure and connectivity of retinal cells 5.4 Cyclic changes of cell morphology in the outer retina Acknowledgements References 6 Electrophysiological characteristics of retinal neurones: synaptic interactions and functional outputs
109 109 118 137 147 148
159
Mustafa B.A. Ojamgoz and Masahiro Yamada
6.1 Introduction 6.2 R
