Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformations and the Nature of the Shape Memory Effect
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THERMOELASTIC MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATIONS AND THE NATURE OF THE SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT C. M. WAYMAN Department of Metallurgy and Mining Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois 61801 ABSTRACT Investigations of the shape memory effect in alloys forming thermoelastic martensites with various crystal structures (2H, 3R, 9R and 18R) reveal that universal behavior exists. A unified explanation of the martensite deformation processes and subsequent shape recovery is now in hand, even though the various martensites are both internally twinned and internally faulted and, in addition, have different crystal structures. In cases studied to date, an initial parent phase single crystal transforms into self-accommodating arrangements of martensite variants (plates) which are characterized by "plate groups." Each group consists of four variants. The average shape deformation in a plate group is essentially zero. Upon stressing below the Mf temperature the martensite undergoes deformation by detwinning (2H and 3R only), variant-variant coalescence and twinning processes, and further group-to-group coalescence. The deformed specimen eventually becomes a single crystal of martensite consisting of that particular habit plane variant whose shape deformation permits maximum extension in the direction of the applied stress. The deformed martensite persists after unloading has occurred; reverse rearrangements of twins and variants do not occur. Specimens deformed below Mf regain their initial shape characteristic of the initial parent phase upon heating from As to Af, during which the single crystal of martensite obtained by stressing the 24-variant configuration transforms back to the original parent phase single crystal in a unique manner, which is basically a simple "unshearing" process. The unshearing is the essence of the memory. The two-way shape memory effect results after the initial martensitic transformation upon cooling is preprogrammed by the introduction of stresses which preferentially bias the transformation so that only a single variant of martensite forms upon cooling. The shape change of this single variant causes the characteristic spontaneous "bending" upon cooling. The characteristic "unbending upon heating is as with the conventional "one-way" shape memory effect. INTRODUCTION The shape memory effect and associated characteristics such as pseudoelasticity, the two-way shape memory effect, martensite-to-martensite transformations, and rubberlike behavior have attracted considerable interest recently. This report is concerned mainly with the shape memory effect (SME). Earlier work on the SME has been discussed in various reviews [1,2,3] and the state of the art as of 1975 can be found in reference [4]. The shape memory effect can be described as follows. Basically, a specimen Mat. Res. Soc.
Symp. Proc. Vol.
21 (1984) Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co.,
Inc.
658
in the low-temperature martensitic condition when deformed and with the stress
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