Thermogravimetric Analysis and Kinetics on Reducing Low-Grade Manganese Dioxide Ore by Biomass
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RODUCTION
AS the largest producer and consumer of electrolytic manganese in the world, China has 200 electrolytic manganese companies with total outputs of 2 million tons of electrolytic manganese annually which form a scale industry.[1] More than 14 million tons of manganese ore are consumed by these electrolytic manganese companies.[2] As the majority of the manganese ore resource produced in China is one of low-grade, which accounts for 93.6 pct of total resource,[3,4] the import of high-grade manganese ore has rapidly increased from 4.57 million ton in 2005 to 11.58 million ton in 2010.[5] Therefore, it has practical significance to develop novel smelt technologies to realize full utilization of these domestic low-grade manganese dioxide ores. Currently, there are two major technical routes to reduce manganese dioxide ore: one is hydrometallurgical reduction, and the other is pyrometallurgical reduction. For hydrometallurgical reduction, various reducing agents, such as SO2,[6] molasses,[7] iron,[8] glucose,[9] and thiosulfate[10] were applied to reduce the manganese dioxide in the ores. However, no commercial practice in HONGLEI ZHANG, Ph.D. Student, and HONG YAN, Professor, are with the College of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P.R. China. GUOCAI ZHU, Professor, TIANCHENG LI, Associate Professor, and XIUJUAN FENG, Associate Professor, are with the Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102201, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted October 19, 2012. Article published online May 1, 2013. 878—VOLUME 44B, AUGUST 2013
electrolytic manganese production was applied because it was difficult to obtain the qualified products;[11] at the same time, it is different from the hydrometallurgical reduction coal is used as the reducing agent in pyrometallurgical reduction process. Although it could easily apply for electrolytic manganese production, the reduction process occurred only at reaction temperature higher than 1123 K (850 °C). So high energy consumption and carbon emission would be inevitably emerged during the prometallurgical reduction process.[12,13] Thus, it is imperative to develop a clean, energy-saving and environment-friendly technical routes to reduce the low-grade manganese dioxide ore for sustainable development of electrolytic manganese industry in China. Roasting reduction of low-grade manganese dioxide ore by biomass was investigated first by our researching group.[14,15] Because China has an abundant biomass resource, and it is found that biomass is a clean, cheap, renewable, environment-friendly reductant for reducing manganese oxide ore at temperature less than 823 K (550 °C), the technology of biomass reduction is the most promising technology for large-scale industrialized application for recovering low-grade manganese dioxide ores. In order to promote the technology for industrialization and commercialization, we need to study the intrinsic thermodynamics related with the bio
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