Thickness-Dependent Permanent Magnet Properties of Zr $$_{2}$$ 2 Co
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ticipated that production technology for permanent magnets without rare-earth (RE) elements will play a substantial role in the quest for energy efficiency and device miniaturization in future nanotechnology.[1] The search for such permanent magnets is in large measure motivated by the scarcity of RE elements, which impacts on cost.[2,3] In addition to the limitations on the current supply of rare-earth elements such as those in Nd2 Fe17 B-Sm2 Co7 magnets,[4,5] such permanent magnet materials also suffer from complicated and lengthy production processes, large capital overhead, and availability problems.[6] It is known that there is a huge energy product gap between Nd2 Fe17 B-Sm2 Co7 and Alnico magnets. Our main aim is to fill this energy product gap by developing new materials and processes. Recent developments in the field of new rare-earth-free permanent magnets offer a serious answer to this significant worldwide challenge.[7] Use of various methods as well as control of macroscopic properties via nanostructuring offer the opportunity to achieve the full capability of permanent magnets. Also, use of nanotechnology lifts some of the restrictions of conventional, bulk processing approaches in terms of tailoring of microscopic parameters.[1] The capability to control GIZEM DURAK YU¨ZU¨AK and YALC¸iN ELERMAN are with the Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey. Contact e-mail: [email protected] ERCU¨MENT YU¨ZU¨AK is with the Department of Material Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Recep, Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey, NICLAS TEICHERT and ANDREAS HU¨TTEN are with the Center for Spinelectronic Materials and Devices, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany. Manuscript submitted November 7, 2016. Article published online March 6, 2017 2654—VOLUME 48A, MAY 2017
thin film growth at the atomic level to form different structures has been expanded to include magnetic nanostructures, including metallic, half-metallic, and oxide phases.[8–10] Evolving alternative material combinations (such as cobalt-rich alloys with Hf and Zr) remain an important research direction for use in microelectronics, micromechanical devices, micromotors, magnetoelectrics, microelectromechanical systems, and spintronic applications.[11] They are also used in such applications because of their advantages of low mass density, low cost, and reliability. Nowadays, huge effort is being devoted to improvement of such Zr/Hf-Co alloys. These alloys have often been produced by melt-spinning or recently by cluster beam deposition and magnetron sputtering techniques.[6,12–15] In addition, use of a metal underlayer can have a significant effect on their magnetic properties.[16–21] For this aim, we choose Pt as an underlayer to grow the films and for their use in magnetic applications. The process is based on use of a metal underlayer with postannealing after deposition of Zr-Co thin films to modify the magnetic properties. Here, we
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