Three-Dimensional Flow Behavior Inside the Submerged Entry Nozzle
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UCTION
IN the continuous casting process, liquid steel inside the distributor is sent to a water-cooled copper mold through a bifurcated nozzle, made with alumina-based components, to distribute the material into the mold.[1] Even though there are different types of designs of bifurcated nozzles,[2–7] the standard design can be simplified as a solid-volume cylinder type with round ports; the inlet port is centered along the volume and has two exit ports with a 15-deg downward angle at the bottom. Research shows that the quality of steel depends on the meniscus that forms at the upper mold region.[8–10] That is, the exit flow from the nozzle can modify the dynamic conditions of the liquid steel level in the mold and thus affect the dynamic conditions in the meniscus region.[11–14] There are different types of designs that promote a better quality of the steel inside the mold[6,15–19]; for example, numerous works have presented scaled
CESAR AUGUSTO REAL-RAMIREZ, FRANCISCO CERVANTES-DE-LA-TORRE, and JESUS GONZALEZ-TREJO are with the Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, San Pablo 180, Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200 Mexico City, Mexico. Contact e-mail: [email protected] IGNACIO CARVAJAL-MARISCAL, FLORENCIO SANCHEZ-SILVA, and JESUS DIAZ-MONTES are with the Instituto Politecnico Nacional, ESIME, UPALM, 07738 Mexico City, Mexico. Manuscript submitted July 20, 2017.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
water-based models, which were constructed and used to validate numerical simulations.[20–26] With the particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) technique, it is possible to obtain the velocity fields of different planes within the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and characterize the hydrodynamics inside the nozzle as a nonstationary state.[22,27–31] Knowledge of the pattern of the SEN’s fluid flow allows for the proposal of new designs. In this paper, the authors present the results with a nonintrusive technique: the PIV technique, implemented in a solid volume and made of translucent, orthophthalic, unsaturated polyester resins that allow illuminating a plane of light inside a translucent nozzle. The turbulent model used in a LES scheme was validated by the experimental results; the numerical results were found matching.[6,10,32]
II.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The experimental setup is composed of two systems: a physical scaled model and a PIV installation (Figure 1). The studied model is a 1/3-scaled model and it uses water as working fluid.[17,32,33] The visualization cell is a rectangular prism with a square base of 0.135 m per side and a height of 0.200 m. The submerged entry nozzle (SEN) was built in translucent acrylic to visualize the flow, as shown in Figure 2. The model geometric dimensions are presented in Table I. The cell was also built in translucent acrylic to visualize the flow inside the bifurcated nozzle. Supports
Fig. 1—Physical experiment setup.
Fig. 3—Scaled model of the SEN located at the center of the visualization cell.
Fig. 2—Scaled model of the submerged entry nozzle constructed in translucent material.
Table I.
Model G
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