Three-Dimensional Fractal Characterization of Concrete Surface Subjected to Sulfuric Acid Attacks
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Three‑Dimensional Fractal Characterization of Concrete Surface Subjected to Sulfuric Acid Attacks Jie Xiao1 · Wenjun Qu2 · Haibo Jiang1 · Wenkui Dong3 Received: 28 April 2019 / Accepted: 26 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Sulfuric acid corrosion on concrete structures is more prevalent and its damage evaluation becomes gradually imperative. This study attempts to characterize the sulfuric acid corroded surfaces of concrete in terms of three-dimensional fractal dimension. Accelerated sulfuric acid corrosion tests were conducted using concrete cylinders with six different corrosion durations, and the 3D coordinates of points on the surface of cylinders were captured using 3D laser scanning technique. The fractal dimensions were calculated using the cubic covering method, and the corrosion depth and mass loss of concrete were obtained correspondingly. The results indicated that fractal dimension can be considered as an indicator to evaluate the corrosion deterioration. The surface fractal dimension was positively correlated with the corrosion duration by a power function, where the value increased dramatically in the early stage, and gradually slowed down to maintain constant. Therefore, empirical functions to evaluate the corrosion depth and mass loss of concrete after sulfuric acid attacks were proposed. The parameters to establish the equivalent accelerated relation between experimental and natural conditions were also recommended under different degradation degrees. Keywords Concrete corrosion · Sulfuric acid · Fractal dimension · 3D laser scanning technique · Equivalent accelerated relation
1 Introduction Due to the alkaline nature of concrete, deterioration occurs when concrete structures are exposed to acidic environments [1]. Sulfuric acid, which generates from the oxidation of sulfur compounds (e.g., sulfur dioxide, pyrite) or * Wenjun Qu [email protected] Jie Xiao [email protected] Haibo Jiang [email protected] Wenkui Dong [email protected] 1
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
2
College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
bacterial activities, is considered one of severe acid corrosions in concrete structures [2–8]. Quantitative evaluation of the deterioration degree is a basic and vital challenge in concrete corrosion research. Although various test methods and evaluation parameters have been proposed, standard procedures are not available for assessing the performance of concrete subjected to sulfuric acid attack [6, 9]. Mass losses [6, 10, 11] and corrosion depth [12–14] were commonly adopted to evaluate the degradation of cement-based materials and concretes in acidic environments since the methods are simple, quick and non-destructive, and some researchers [15–17]
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