Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements
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Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements Yoshiteru Maeno1 · Kouichi Hagino1 · Takehiko Ishiguro1
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (Naturwiss. 8:984–991, 1920), who refined Werner’s work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today’s widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer’s arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev’s short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the three-dimensional (3D) periodic table “Elementouch” (Maeno in Periodic-table-of-the-elements stationery. Design No. 1149493, Japan Patent Office. https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/d0000 , 2001), which combines the s- and p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev’s periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno in Found Chem 22:267–273, 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magic-number nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms. We show that the resulting alignments of the elements in both the atomic and nuclear periodic tables are common over about two thirds of the tables because of a fortuitous coincidence in their magic numbers. Keywords Periodic table · Werner · Pfeiffer · Mendeleev · 3D helical periodic table · Elementouch · Janet · Schaltenbrand · Nuclear periodic table · Nucletouch · Magic number · Shell model
* Yoshiteru Maeno maeno.yoshiteru.2e@kyoto‑u.ac.jp Kouichi Hagino hagino.kouichi.5m@kyoto‑u.ac.jp Takehiko Ishiguro [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606‑8502, Japan
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Y. Maeno et al.
Introduction Periodic table of the chemical elements is undoubtedly considered as one of the greatest scientific achievements of humanity. It expresses the periodic properties of the building blocks of nature in a concise table. Mendeleev’s periodic table is based on the “periodic law” which states that the chemical and physical properties of elements and their compounds are periodic functions of the atomic weight (Mendeleev 1869, 1871). With the discoveries of new classes of elements and accurate determination of their chemical and physical properties, along with the development of quantum mechanics that introduced fundam
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