Time Geography
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every image usable (i. e. avoiding image acquisitions during the night) and it, therefore, maximizes the temporal resolution of the sensor. In the case of airborne platforms, the temporal resolution is more variable and can range from days to years, depending on mission planning. Usually temporal resolution is highly dependent on the spatial resolution of the sensor. The higher the spatial resolution, the lower the temporal resolution is. However, geostationary platforms and pointable sensors are exceptions to this trend. Here are the temporal resolutions for several common remote sensing products: • NOAA AVHRR: < 1 day • MODIS: 1–2 days • QuickBird: 1–3.5 days (off-nadir) • Ikonos: 16 days (1.5–3 days off-nadir) • Landsat ETM+ : 16 days • RADARSAT1: 24 days (1–6 days off-nadir) • SPOT5: 26 days (2–3 days off-nadir) • NAPP (USGS): 5 years Cross References Change Detection Co-location Pattern Discovery Correlation Queries in Spatial Time Series Data
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Time Geography H ARVEY J. M ILLER Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Synonyms Activity analysis; Activity theory; Autonomy, space time; Constraints, capability; Constraints, coupling; Constraints, authority; Anchors, space-time; Prism, space-time; Prism, network time; Path, space-time; Location-aware; Regional sience; Activities, fixed; Activities flexible Definition Time geography is an individualistic, bottom-up approach to analyzing and simulating human phenomena such as transportation, urban and socio-economic systems. Time geography examines how humans allocate scarce time resources among activities in geographic space, the use of transportation and communication technologies to facilitate this allocation, and the patterns and relationships that emerge from these allocations across the population. Although researchers and practitioners have utilized the time geographic perspective for over 30 years, it was limited by problems in collecting, storing and analyzing the detailed spatio-temporal data required. Technological and scientific developments have created a major renaissance in time geography since the early 1990s. The development of location-aware technologies (LATs) such as the global positioning system (GPS) and radiofrequency identification (RFID), spatio-temporal and mobile objects databases, and geographic information systems (GIS) has substantially enhanced the ability to collect, store, analyze and communicate detailed space-time activity data and results from analyses and simulations. Time geography also corresponds with an increasing recognition of many human phenomena as complex adaptive systems with emergent propertie
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