Time Slot Transmission Scheme with Packet Prioritization for Bluetooth Low Energy Devices used in Real-Time Applications
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Time Slot Transmission Scheme with Packet Prioritization for Bluetooth Low Energy Devices used in Real‑Time Applications Daniel Agnoletto1 · Magnus Jonsson2 · Edison Pignaton de Freitas1 Received: 25 July 2019 / Revised: 27 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the most important technologies that feed the growing field of Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks. Due to its flexibility and unique low power-consumption, an increasing number of industrial devices, household appliances and wearables are being designed using it. However, the real-time demands of these networks such as timing and Quality of Service are not fully covered by the protocol itself. To help improve and offer some control over these characteristics, this paper presents a time slot transmission scheme with packet prioritization. It is based on the division and allocation of the connection interval to two types of messages: real-time and ordinary. The goal is to offer the lowest packet loss and time guarantees for real-time messages, while providing acceptable throughput for ordinary ones. Since the probability of a BLE connection to close increases with the number of packets sent through it, the position where a real-time packet is being sent as well as the number of ordinary messages in a connection represent key factors. The use of the first and last slot for real-time packets with ordinary flow restricted to the space between them decreases the transmission delay uncertainty and allows probability tuning based on the number of ordinary messages. Simulations were performed using the proposed scheme and a reduction of more than 100 times in the delay variance was observed for real-time transmissions. Regarding reliability, around 5% of the packets were lost for a bit error rate of 10−3. Keywords Bluetooth low energy · Real-time communication requirements · Time slot management · Packet prioritization
1 Introduction The number of devices using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology has increased since the first publication of the Protocol by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in Specification V4.0 [1]. By 2023, around 1.6 billion single-mode BLE devices are expected to be shipped each year and 90% of all Bluetooth devices will contain Low Energy modes [2]. Its reduced power consumption, simplicity, throughput and easy interfacing with smart-phones has favoured the use of * Daniel Agnoletto [email protected] Magnus Jonsson [email protected] Edison Pignaton de Freitas [email protected] 1
Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Brazil
School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
2
BLE in a wide range of applications. Some of them include Personal Area Networks (PAN), Industrial Wireless Sensors Networks (IWSN) [3], Internet of Things (IoT) [4], automotive cable replacemen
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