TiO 2 hollow nanospheres functionalized with folic acid and ZnPc for targeted photodynamic therapy in glioblastoma cance
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Research Letter
TiO2 hollow nanospheres functionalized with folic acid and ZnPc for targeted photodynamic therapy in glioblastoma cancer Minerva Uribe-Robles, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA Emma Ortiz-Islas, Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Insurgentes sur 3877, Tlalpan, México City 14269, Mexico Ekaterina Rodriguez-Perez, Neuroimmunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Insurgentes sur 3877, Tlalpan, México City 14269, Mexico Taehoon Lim, College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; College of Engineering Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA Address all correspondence to Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales at [email protected] (Received 21 June 2019; accepted 17 October 2019)
Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer which currently does not have a cure. Its invasive nature and heterogeneity makes its complete surgical removal impossible. Hence, a targeted treatment is critically needed to effectively eradicate this cancer. In this work, the authors report the synthesis of hollow TiO2 nanospheres (HTiO2NS) and their functionalization with folic acid (FA) and zinc (II) tetranitrophthalocyanine (ZnPc) to achieve cell selectivity and light absorption in the visible range. In vitro cytotoxicity of the functionalized HTiO2NS against M059K cell line (Human GBM cancer cells) was tested. In vitro generation of reactive oxygen species by HTiO2NS–FA–ZnPc nanostructures under UV irradiation was detected by fluorescence probing. To identify HTiO2NS–FA–ZnPc cell localization, the nanoparticles were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate dye and visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Results illustrate that HTiO2NS–FA–ZnPc nanostructures have the potential to be used for targeted photodynamic therapy for the treatment of GBM cancer.
Introduction Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer with a patient average life expectancy of 12–15 months.[1] It mostly affects the brain, but it can also occur in other parts of the central nervous systems such as the brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. To date, GBM has no cure. The current standard treatment consists of surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide drug. Its coexistence with normal tissue, invasive nature and heterogeneity makes it impossible to make a total resection, hence, leaving malignant material behind. To avoid the recurrence of tumors, new treatment strategies are needed to specifically treat the cancerous cells and simultaneously spare healthy ones. Photodyna
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