Topography and climatic fluctuations boosting speciation: biogeography and a molecular phylogeny of the East African gen
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Topography and climatic fluctuations boosting speciation: biogeography and a molecular phylogeny of the East African genera Afroanthracites Hemp & Ingrisch and Afroagraecia Ingrisch & Hemp (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae, Agraeciini) Claudia Hemp 1 & Beata Grzywacz 2 & Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa 2 & Andreas Hemp 3
Received: 13 August 2015 / Accepted: 22 October 2015 # Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik 2015
Abstract Based on faunistic lists documenting the distribution of taxa and molecular data, a phylogenetic tree of African Agraeciini is presented and detailed hypotheses of speciation patterns discussed. It is discussed that the observed radiation in the geologically old Eastern Arc chain is young since Afroanthracites montium endemic to Mts. Kilimanjaro and Meru is of the same age as species of the East and West Usambara Mountains. A molecular phylogeny on nine Afroanthracites and four Afroagraecia species is presented in this study prepared on the molecular markers 16S rRNA and histone 3. The molecular results confirmed geographical patterns and morphological relationships in Afroanthracites as well as in Afroagraecia. Keywords Orthoptera . Agraeciini . Biogeography . Speciation . Tanzania . Eastern Arc Mountains
Introduction The genus Afroanthracites is confined to East Africa; all species known at present occur in mountainous Tanzania. Most
* Claudia Hemp [email protected] 1
Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
2
Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
3
Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
species are restricted to single mountains and mountain ranges and are dwellers of submontane and montane forests and submontane to montane agro-forestry systems as long as a dense vegetation cover with trees is provided (Hemp et al. 2015a). An exception is found in the West Usambara Mountains harboring several species of Afroanthracites (Fig. 1). Data on the chromosomes, the acoustic behavior, and the ecology was presented by Hemp et al. (2015a). The chromosome sets of five species of Afroanthracites and for one Afroagraecia species were investigated showing a derived karyotype. A diploid chromosome number of 2n=29 chromosomes for the male, a fundamental number of chromosome arms (FN)=32, and the X0/XX sex chromosome mechanism were found in all Afroanthracites species. The chromosome number of 2n=27 in the male and 28 in the female (FN=30 and 32 respectively) was found for Afroagraecia brachyptera. Acoustical studies revealed that a trend to low carrier frequencies is observed combined with the evolution of larger stridulatory organs. The acoustic evolution of the African Agraeciini probably started with species using the same ultrasonic frequencies as a brachypterous outgroup and ended with species presenting clearly audible songs. The group using audible songs was hereby found in the West Usambara Mounta
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