Tornadoes
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losses. Figure 2 is the intensity contour map of the Tangshan Earthquake (Guo, 2008).
CASE STUDY TANGSHAN, CHINA (1976 EARTHQUAKE) 1
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Zhengwen Zeng , Chenghu Wang 1 University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA 2 China Earthquake Administration, Beijing, China
Introduction Seismic characteristics The 1976 Tangshan Earthquake occurred at 03:42:56 a.m. on July 28, 1976 (local time). The epicenter was on Jixiang Road, Lunan District, Tangshan City, Hebei Province, China (Figure 1); geographic coordinates is 39.63 N 118.18 E. The focal depth was about 11 km. The sequence of the 1976 Tangshan Earthquake included five major events: two of magnitude >Ms 7, and three between Ms 6 and Ms 7. The Main seismic parameters of Tangshan Earthquake are as shown in Table 1, and the statistics of the earthquake sequence is in Table 2. Tectonically, the Tangshan Earthquake occurred at the intersection of the east–west active faulting belt of Yinshan-Yanshan Mt. and the NNE active tectonic belt of North China Plain. Tangshan Earthquake ruptured 100 km (62 mile) along the Tangshan Fault, a right-lateral strike-slip fault in the north-northeastern direction. The epicenter area experienced 10 km (6 miles) extensive faulting. The fault ran through the city centre of Tangshan with a horizontal displacement up to 1.5 m (5 ft). During the main shock, much of northern China felt the tremors. The disaster-affected areas including Tangshan City and Tangshan Prefecture of Hebei Province, Tianjin Municipality, Beijing (Peking) Municipality, and adjacent areas. The most severely affected areas were Tangshan City, Tangshan Prefecture, and Tianjin Municipality. These three areas account for 99% of all casualties and property
Overview of the affected areas before the earthquake Tangshan Tangshan included two independent administrative units: Tangshan City and Tangshan Prefecture; both were under the direct administration of Hebei Province. Tangshan City is located in the northeast of the province. In 1976, it was composed of two downtown districts (Lunan and Lubei), one industrial district (Kailuan Mine), and one suburban district (Kaiping). It was an important industrial city in the province; its industrial production output value was the second largest in the province. By 1976, Tangshan City had also become a very important part of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan economic zone. As of 1975, the gross industrial production of Tangshan City reached 2.2 billion RMB (1.2 billion USD), which accounted for nearly 1% of the national gross industrial production of China at that time. Tangshan Prefecture included one city (Qinghuangdao) and 12 counties (Changli, Fengnan, Fengrun, Funing, Leting, Luanxian, Luan’nan, Lulong, Qian’an, Qianxi, Yutian, and Zunhua). Tianjin In 1976, Tianjin was one of the three municipalities directly under the jurisdiction of the central government in China. It is located in the northeastern part of North China Plain, close to Yanshan Mt. in the north, and adjacent to the Bohai Bay in the east. The entire city was composed o
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