Totally transparent hydrogel-based subdural electrode with patterned salt bridge
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Totally transparent hydrogel-based subdural electrode with patterned salt bridge Ayaka Nishimura 1 & Ryota Suwabe 2 & Yuka Ogihara 2 & Shotaro Yoshida 2 & Hiroya Abe 2 & Shin-ichiro Osawa 3 & Atsuhiro Nakagawa 3,4 & Teiji Tominaga 3 & Matsuhiko Nishizawa 1,2,4
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A totally transparent subdural electrode was developed by embedding a conductive poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-filled microchannel made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) into an another PVA hydrogel substrate. Tight bonding between the PVA substrate and the PDMS microchannel (salt bridge) was achieved by mechanical interlocking utilizing the microprotrusions formed on the microchannel. This simple method of bonding without the use of any additives such as silane molecules or nanofibers is very suitable for constructing biomedical devices. The salt bridge electrode (total thickness, ca. 1.5 mm) was sufficiently soft, and showed superior shape conformability that makes it an excellent choice as a subdural electrode used on the brain surface. In vivo measurement proved that the salt bridge electrode makes close contact to the exposed porcine brain and can record brain wave signals of frequencies 1 ~ 15 Hz. In addition, the high transparency of the electrode provided a clear view of the brain surface that would assist the effective surgical operation and optogenetic research. Keywords Subdural electrode . Salt bridge . Hydrogel . Ionic circuit . Brain wave measurement
1 Introduction Bioelectrical measurements such as electrocorticography and electromyography are widely performed for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of diseases. The body/tissue-to-machine interface of these measurement systems are required to be highly biocompatible with sufficient biochemical safety and physical softness (Chen et al. 2020; Feron et al. 2018; Lee et al. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-020-00517-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Matsuhiko Nishizawa [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-04 Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
2
Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
3
Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
4
Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
2016). Electrocorticography (ECoG) is one of the neurophysiological monitoring methods that uses subdural electrodes placed directly on the exposed cerebral cortex (Lesser et al. 2010; Shah and Mittal 2014). Conventional subdural electrodes consist of metal electrodes such as Pt and substrates of silicone rubber or parylene sheet (Dong et al. 2017; K
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