Towards biomimetic electronics that emulate cells
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Prospective Article
Towards biomimetic electronics that emulate cells Claudia Lubrano†, Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy Giovanni Maria Matrone†, Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy Csaba Forro†, Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Zeinab Jahed, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Andreas Offenhaeusser, Institute of Biological Information Processes (IBI-3), Bioelectronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany Alberto Salleo, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Bianxiao Cui, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Francesca Santoro, Tissue Electronics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy Address all correspondence to Francesca Santoro at [email protected] (Received 7 May 2020; accepted 29 June 2020)
Abstract Bioelectronics aims to design electronic devices which can be fully integrated within tissues to monitor or stimulate specific cell functions. The main challenge is the engineering of the cell–chip interface and diverse materials, and devices have been developed to recapitulate biological architectures and functionalities. In this Prospective article, the authors give an overview on how the bioelectronics community has exploited biomimetic approaches to emulate cell morphologies, interactions, and functions to design optimal electrical platforms to be coupled to living cells.
Introduction Biomimetic approaches to bioengineering are motivated by the observation that evolutionary pressure has yielded highly refined engineering solutions to tackle specific challenges. Noteworthy, examples are the so-called denticles on shark skin that are vortex-suppressing and allow for fast swimming speeds,[1] or the hierarchical mixture of soft- and hard-layered structures on conch shells that suppress crack propagation and yield unprecedented toughness.[2] With the advent of modern high-precision chemical, mechanical, and biological engineering, it is now possible to harvest such evolutionarily perfected mechanisms and reproduce them to endow devices with self-healing properties,[3] highflexibility,[4] and sturdiness,[5] and more. While some of these evolutionary designs are easy to make sense of, there are numerous surprising ones that would be nearly impossible to design de novo. Thus, a large effort is devoted toward fundamental studies of biological systems in search for such valuable mechanisms one seeks to mimic.[6,7] While some of these designs produce purely unprecedented efficiency and high-performance characteristics, it is also becoming clear that biomimetism plays a key role in seamlessly interfacing in vivo and in vitro devices with biological systems. We know that nontrivial interactions take place at the chemical, struct
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