Towards Paraconsistent Engineering

This book presents a collection of contributions from related logics to applied paraconsistency. Moreover, all of them are dedicated to Jair Minoro Abe,on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday. He is one of the experts in Paraconsistent Engineering, who d

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Seiki Akama Editor

Towards Paraconsistent Engineering

Intelligent Systems Reference Library Volume 110

Series editors Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Lakhmi C. Jain, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia; Bournemouth University, UK; KES International, UK e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] URL: http://www.kesinternational.org/organisation.php

About this Series The aim of this series is to publish a Reference Library, including novel advances and developments in all aspects of Intelligent Systems in an easily accessible and well structured form. The series includes reference works, handbooks, compendia, textbooks, well-structured monographs, dictionaries, and encyclopedias. It contains well integrated knowledge and current information in the field of Intelligent Systems. The series covers the theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, computer science, avionics, business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, physics and life science are included.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8578

Seiki Akama Editor

Towards Paraconsistent Engineering

123

Editor Seiki Akama Kawasaki Japan

ISSN 1868-4394 ISSN 1868-4408 (electronic) Intelligent Systems Reference Library ISBN 978-3-319-40417-2 ISBN 978-3-319-40418-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40418-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016943418 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Foreword

In classical and in most non-classical logics, if a theory T is inconsistent, i.e., contains contradictory theorems, then it is also trivial; T is said to be trivial if any sentence of its language is provable in T. A theory founded