Toxicity assessment of marjoram and pomegranate aqueous extracts for Cobb chicken, non-target organisms of pest control
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Toxicity assessment of marjoram and pomegranate aqueous extracts for Cobb chicken, non-target organisms of pest control Andressa Radtke Baungratz 1 Michele Potrich 2
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Jucelaine Haas 2
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Josiane Otalakoski 3
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Sabrina Endo Takahashi 2
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Received: 22 July 2019 / Accepted: 31 July 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This research aimed to evaluate the effect of 5% aqueous extracts of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) on Cobb chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus L.), as a model to birds as non-target organisms for pest control. The extracts were prepared using dried ground leaves. The powder obtained was then added to distilled water to obtain 5% extract (w/v). After 48 h, the plant extracts were filtered and added to the feed of 36 female birds. For that, the chicken (12 days old) were acclimated for 3 days before starting the experiment. The plant extracts were administered for 6 days, always preceded by at least 14-h starvation. The birds were evaluated for 11 days, assessing behaviour, feed consumption and animal performance. After sacrificing the birds, histopathological examination was performed, and intestinal villi were measured. No death nor any alteration occurred during the experiment. There was no statistical difference among the treatments regarding feed consumption and performance even though there was intestinal villi reduction. Keywords Botanical insecticides . Non-target organisms . Vertebrates . Origanum majorana . Punica granatum
Introduction Plants are the source of a multitude of compounds that play a role in defence against herbivores. Some of these compounds can be successfully employed as botanical insecticides in the form of plant extracts and essential oils or manipulated into commercial botanical insecticides (Miresmailli and Isman 2014). Azadirachtin and pyrethrum, for example, have been widely used and commercially successful since the early twentieth century (Isman 2019). Botanical insecticides are considered a safer and more sustainable approach when compared with chemical pesticides (Isman 2006, 2019). And, in a world where health and environmental awareness has become an ever-growing concern, * Andressa Radtke Baungratz [email protected] 1
Programa de pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
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Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
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Programa de pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Sementes, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
biopesticides are booming and are expected to hold up to 20% of the pesticide market by 2025 with botanical insecticides responsible for up to one-third of the biopesticide market (Isman 2015). Following this track, studies are continuously being conducted to test plant extracts and essential oils in the attempt to find new insecticidal molecules in plants not commonly used in integrated pest management (IPM). Usually, plants from botanical fa
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