Toxicity of Nanodrug Delivery Systems
The study of the potential toxicity of NPs is essential for the safe development of these vehicles. The lack of strategies, regulatory requirements, and validated protocols, along with the particular physical, chemical and biological properties of these m
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Toxicity of Nanodrug Delivery Systems
Abstract The study of the potential toxicity of NPs is essential for the safe development of these vehicles. The lack of strategies, regulatory requirements, and validated protocols, along with the particular physical, chemical and biological properties of these materials, makes the evaluation of the preclinical toxicity very complex. Taking into consideration the outcomes of the toxicological investigations reviewed here, it seems that the toxicity of these nanocarriers is quite low. Most of the in vivo toxicological investigations did not demonstrate effects at very high doses whereas in vitro studies showed some toxic effects. However, more in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments are required to reach a apparent conclusion about the potential toxic effect of these nanocarriers; the progress of validated protocols and the performance of chronic studies are of immense importance. Keywords Nanoscience • Nano-toxicity • Drug delivery • Nanocarriers
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Introduction
Nanoscience has been variously explained at different books, journals, fora, and the web, however one thing is universal; it engages the investigation of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter and the properties of materials at this atomic or subatomic level vary considerably from properties of the same materials at larger sizes. Nevertheless, the primary features of nanomaterials studied were for its electrical, magnetic, physical, mechanical, chemical and biological applications, recently, focus has been geared towards its pharmaceutical application, particularly in the field of drug delivery. This is due to the confronts with utilization of large size materials in drug delivery, some of which include in vivo stability, poor bioavailability, solubility, intestinal absorption, therapeutic effectiveness, sustained and targeted delivery to site of action, generalized side effects, and plasma fluctuations of drugs. Recently, different workers in nanotechnology science have been
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S. Bhatia, Systems for Drug Delivery, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41926-8_7
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7 Toxicity of Nanodrug Delivery Systems
designed to overcome these confronts through the development and fabrication of nanostructures. It has been studied that, nanoparticles have the capability to shield drugs from the degradation in the gastrointestinal tract. This technology can enables target delivery of drugs to various areas of the body. Additionally this technology allows the delivery of drugs that are poorly water soluble and can provide means of bypassing the liver, thereby preventing the first pass metabolism. Regardless of the immense potentials of nano drug delivery systems in revolutionalizing patient management, its safety in humans is of great concern. It has been investigated that, smaller nanoparticles show increased toxicity due to their increased surface area [1]. For an instance, reports have shown that nanotubes are cyto
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