Toxicological Study of Nanoparticles: An Attempt to Relate Physicochemical Characters with Toxicity
Nanoparticles are being employed in numerous diverse fields of engineering and medicine attributed to their exclusive size and inherent physicochemical characteristics. The increased use of nanoparticles resulted in an unregulated environmental release an
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Toxicological Study of Nanoparticles: An Attempt to Relate Physicochemical Characters with Toxicity A. Seenivasan, M. Muthuraj, and T. Panda
23.1 Introduction Nanoparticles (NPs) have been gaining significant attention in different aspects of engineering and medicine attributed to their exquisite optical, magnetic, thermal, electrical and biological properties which are strongly related to their physicochemical characteristics. Thus, physicochemical characteristics, such as, dimensions, structure (shape), state of agglomeration, surface chemistry, higher surface area to volume ratio, charge and lipophilicity, chemical nature, ionization status, and porosity are the potential factors that govern the application of NPs. Among several applications, NPs are employed in real time imaging, bio-sensing systems, targeted drug and/or gene delivery systems etc. According to the recent reports, increased utilization of NPs has been evidenced over the past years with a frequency of three to four NPs associated products per week in the market (Gajewicz et al. 2012) resulting in an unregulated environmental release and human exposures. These miniscule molecules having properties as that of biomolecules may interact, react or alter the biological systems (human beings, plants, aquatic systems, etc.,) thereby causing unpredictable changes to life. Exposure to nickel NPs while painting the bushes of turbine bearings with nickel aerosols, resulted in respiratory distress syndrome leading to the death A. Seenivasan (B) Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem 534101, Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] M. Muthuraj Department of Bioengineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala 799046, India e-mail: [email protected] T. Panda MSB140A, Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 S. M. Shiva Nagendra et al. (eds.), Urban Air Quality Monitoring, Modelling and Human Exposure Assessment, Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5511-4_23
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of a person (Phillips et al. 2010). Similarly, nanoparticles exhibit toxic effects to workers and environment, who involved in the preparation and production processes under laboratory conditions and on industrial scales. Hence, nanotoxicology has emerged which targeted to evaluate the hazards and risks involved in handling NPs while framing the management techniques required to minimize their release to environment. NPs can cause numerous toxic effects through several mechanisms in the body such as oxidative stress, genetic mutations, immunomodulatory activities, etc., leading to hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, nephrotoxicity, splenic toxicity, hematological toxicity, cytotoxicity effects and many more. For instance, a 38 years old adult died due to the respirator
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