Tracking Algorithms and Voltage Controllers Used to Obtain the Maximum Power Point of PV Arrays
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Tracking Algorithms and Voltage Controllers Used to Obtain the Maximum Power Point of PV Arrays Nilton E. M. Moçambique1 · Klebber de A. Ottoboni1 · Guilherme H. F. Fuzato1 · Renan F. Bastos1 · Amilcar F. Q. Gonçalves1 · Giovani G. Pozzebon1 · Cassius R. de Aguiar1 · Ricardo Q. Machado1
Received: 11 October 2014 / Revised: 30 May 2015 / Accepted: 26 July 2015 © Brazilian Society for Automatics–SBA 2015
Abstract In this paper, a fuzzy proportional derivative and/or a classical proportional integral is used to control the terminal voltage of the photovoltaic (PV) array connected to the input of a dc/dc step-up converter. The voltage reference is tracked continuously by employing a perturb and observe and the incremental conductance algorithms in order to make the PV array operate as close as possible to the maximum power point (MPP). However, these techniques produce oscillations around the MPP, which can be reduced by applying adaptive steps instead of fixed steps. Additionally, this paper presents the complete mathematical model of the power converter associated with a PV array where the parasitic elements are included. Simulations and experimental results under different environmental conditions are
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Klebber de A. Ottoboni [email protected] Nilton E. M. Moçambique [email protected] Guilherme H. F. Fuzato [email protected] Renan F. Bastos [email protected] Amilcar F. Q. Gonçalves [email protected] Giovani G. Pozzebon [email protected] Cassius R. de Aguiar [email protected] Ricardo Q. Machado [email protected]
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Power Processing and Renewable Energy Laboratory, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Keywords Photovoltaic systems · Solar energy · Fuzzy control · dc/dc power converters · PI control
1 Introduction Nowadays, the increasing demand of energy and the global policies related to renewable energy sources (Spagnuolo et al. 2010) have stimulated the use and research about photovoltaic systems (PV) (Simões and Farret 2006; Elmitwally and Rashed 2011), since this kind of source is environmentalfriendly. As a result, the cost per Watt (Datta et al. 2011) produced by PV systems shows a fast reduction year by year (Masters 2004; Hong and Lian 2012). Simplistically, the PV array converts the solar irradiation, which varies along the day, into electrical energy, the amplitude and phase depending on the seasonal cycle, as well as the atmosphere conditions (Simões and Farret 2006). The interfaces of power electronics (Bose 2010) based on dc/dc converters have been used to draw the maximum power from the PV array, making the dc/dc (Coelho et al. 2010) converter track continuously the maximum power point (Wai et al. 2008) (MPP) by means of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms (Chiu 2010). Many MPPT algorithms have been proposed, analyzed and compared in Esram and Chapman (2007). The fuzzy logic (Salah and Ouali 2011), analytic solutions, linear
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