Tracking the Evolution of Annealing Textures from Individual Deformed Grains in a Cross-Rolled Non-oriented Electrical S
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NTED electrical steels (NOES) are largely used in electric motors, generators, alternators, windmills, etc.[1,2] to assist the conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy, or vice versa. The magnetic properties of the electrical steel have significant effects on the efficiency of the motors or generators. MEHDI SANJARI and YOULIANG HE are with CanmetMATERIALS, Natural Resources Canada, Hamilton, L8P 0A5, Canada. Contact e-mail: [email protected] MEHDI MEHDI is with CanmetMATERIALS, Natural Resources Canada and also with the Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, N9B 3P4, Canada. ERIK J. HILINSKI is with Tempel Steel Co., Chicago, Illinois, 60640. STEVE YUE is with the Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, H3A 2B2, Canada. LEO A.I. KESTENS is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, B9052, Belgium. AFSANEH EDRISY is with the Department of Mechanical, Automotive, and Materials Engineering, University of Windsor. Manuscript submitted July 15, 2017.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
Metallurgical aspects such as chemistry, grain size,[3,4] crystallographic texture,[5] stress state, sheet thickness, etc. determine the final magnetic properties of the processed steel. In rotating machines, the magnetization direction is in all the directions of the sheet plane, thus h001i//ND is the desired texture since h100i are the easy magnetization directions in ferromagnetic iron, while h111i are hard directions, thus the h111i//ND texture should be suppressed to improve the permeability and reduce the hysteresis loss.[6,7] Conventional manufacturing procedures to produce non-oriented electrical steels involve casting, hot-rolling, hot-band annealing, cold rolling, and final annealing, which all affect the final texture.[8–12] An indispensable processing step for electrical steels is cold rolling that usually involves 60 to 80 pct or more thickness reduction to achieve the favorite final thickness, i.e., 0.65 to 0.20 mm, as well as good surface quality.[2] The typical texture of rolled and annealed bcc metals usually consists of a partial a-fiber (from {001}h110i to {111}h110i) and a c-fiber (from{111}h110i to {111}h112i).[13] Although the common texture
components of rolled low carbon steels are almost independent of processing variables, recent studies[2,14] have shown that by rotating the hot-rolled plate by 90 deg before cold rolling, i.e., switching the rolling direction (RD) and transverse direction (TD), known as ‘‘cross rolling’’, a very strong cube or rotated cube texture can be produced in the final annealed electrical steel sheets. It was reported[2] that this unconventional rolling scheme changed the paths of orientation flow during plastic deformation and resulted in the formation of different textures in the cold-rolled steel. These textures might have favored the formation of the cube components during the subsequent annealing process. However, in those studies, the initial materia
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