Tractors and their Power Units
At the time of the writing of the fourth edirion of this textbook, the agricultural economy in the United States and Canada was depressed. The prices paid to farmers for their grain crops were very low, and consequently most farmers in North America could
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FOURTH EDITION
TRACTORS AND THEIR POWER UNITS John B. Liljedahl Professor Emeritus Agricultural Engineering Department Purdue Cniyersity
Paul K. Turnquist Professor and Head Agricultural Engineering Department Auburn Cniyersity
David W. Smith Research Engineer Technical Center Deere & Company
Makoto Hoki Associate Professor Department of Agricultural Machinery Mie Cni\'ersity, Tsu, Japan
An AVI Book Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
An AVI Book (AVI is an imprint of Van ;-';ostrand Reinhold) Copyright © 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989 FOlRTH EDlTIO:\
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-14907 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6634-8
All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrie\'al systems-without written permission of the publisher.
Van ;-';ostrand Reinhold 115 Fifth Avenue :\ew York, :\ew York 10003 Van :\ostrand Reinhold International I I :\ e\\' Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE, England
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Van Nostrand Reinhold 480 La Trobe Street :\Ielbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia :\lacmillan of Canada Division of Canada Publishing Corporation 164 Commander Boule\'ard Agincourt, Ontario MIS 3C7, Canada 16
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Library of Congress CataIoging-in-PubIication Data Tractors and their power unitslJohn B. Liljedahl ... let aLl.4th ed. p. cm. "An AVI book." Includes bibliographies and index. \. Tractors-:\Iotors. L Liljedahl, John B. TL233.T658 1989 629.22'5--dcI9 88-14907 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6634-8 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6632-4
e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6632-4
CONTENTS
PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRACTOR Tractor Tvpes Some \r orId \' ariations in Tractors Functions of a Farm Tractor Sources of Energ\ Energy Conversion Devices The Future Engine Trends in Tractor Design
2
THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES OF INTERNALCOMBUSTION ENGINES Specific Heat Entropy Energy Changes Constant- Volume Changes Constant-Pressure Changes Isothermal Changes Adiabatic or Constant-Entropv Changes General or Polytropic Changes Changes in an Adiabatic Expansion of a Perfect Gas Determination of the Value of 11 from an Actual Compression Line Equations for KonHow Processes
3
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE CYCLES Simplifying Assumptions The Ideal Air-Standard Otto Cvcle The Ideal Air-Standard Diesel Cycle Actual Cycles and Causes for Deviation from the Ideal
4
FUELS AND COMBUSTION Sources of Fuels Chemical Composition of Petroleum Petroleum Refining Combustion Gasoline Tests and Their Significance Antiknock Quality
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20 22 23 23 24 24 25 26 28 28 31 33
37 37 38 41 43
48 48 48
51 54 56
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CO:\TE~TS
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Factors Affecting the Octane l'\umber Requirement Volatility Distillation Reid Vapor Pressure Test Sulfur Content Corrosion Test Gum Content Gravity Heating Values Gasoline Additives Diesel Fuel Tests a
