Transparent carbon nanotube electrodes for electric cell-substrate impedance sensing
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Research Letter
Transparent carbon nanotube electrodes for electric cell–substrate impedance sensing Shokoufeh Teymouri , Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 Munich, Germany; ibidi GmbH, Lochhamer Schlag 11, 82166 Gräfelfing, Germany Florin Loghin and Marco Bobinger, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstraße 21, 80333 Munich, Germany Zeno Guttenberg, ibidi GmbH, Lochhamer Schlag 11, 82166 Gräfelfing, Germany Paolo Lugli, Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy Address all correspondence to Shokoufeh Teymouri at [email protected] (Received 16 May 2019; accepted 20 August 2019)
Abstract Electric cell–substrate impedance sensing is widely used to study cell behavior such as adhesion, migration, and cell toxicity. However, a simultaneous optical imaging of cells is limited by inefficient transmission of visible light through the gold electrodes. To overcome this limitation, we fabricated carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes with high electrical conductivity as well as optical transmittance. The impedimetric monitoring of cell proliferation and migration by gold and CNT electrodes were compared and analyzed. Taking advantage of the optical transparency of CNTs, we demonstrated a simultaneous electronic and optical monitoring of MCF7 cells, with acquisition of high-resolution images.
Introduction The electric cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a noninvasive method used to investigate living cells spectroscopically in real time, pioneered by Keese and Giaever.[1] ECIS has a wide variety of applications, including monitoring cell proliferation, migration, and wound healing, replacing traditional methods such as scratch assays, and records reproducible and quantitative data.[2] The electrical properties of cells are highly sensitive to small changes in their morphology and function. These changes can be measured while cells are growing directly on the electrodes. The common electrodes are made of a thin structured gold layer, which do not allow high-resolution imaging of the cells by inverse microscopy. Taking advantage of parallel optical microscopy with electrical measurements, the complementary data lead to a deeper understanding of cell events that can be captured electrically or optically.[3] Transparent conducting electrodes can provide new advances and possibilities in this field. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), originally introduced by Iijima,[4] represent a remarkable combination of properties such as conductivity, mechanical strength and flexibility, transparency, feasibility for chemical modification, and biocompatibility.[5] One of the main application of this organic material is in the development of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of various biomolecules. In recent years, several research groups have developed these nanostructured biosensors with the focus on the detection
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