Treatise on Basic Philosophy Ontology II: A World of Systems
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ONTOLOGY II: A WORLD OF SYSTEMS
TREATISE ON BASIC PHILOSOPHY
1 SEMANTICS I
Sense and Reference 2
SEMANT·ICS II
Interpretation and Truth 3
ONTOLOGY I
The Furniture of the World 4
ONTOLOGY II
A World of Systems 5
EPISTEMOLOGY I
The Strategy of Knowing 6
EPISTEMOLOGY II
Philosophy of Science 7
ETHICS
The Good and the Right
MARIO BUNGE
Treatise on Basic Philosophy VOLUME 4
Ontology II: A WORLD OF SYSTEMS
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY DORDRECHT : HOLLAND / BOSTON: U.S.A. LONDON:ENGLAND
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Revised) Bunge, Mario Augusto Ontology. (His Treatise on basic philosophy; v. 3-4) Includes bibliographies and indexes. CONTENTS: I. The furniture of the world. 2. A world of systems. 1. Ontology-Collected works. I. Title. BD311.B84 111 77-1750 ISBN-13: 978-90-277-0945-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-9392-1 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-9392-1
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. Lincoln Building, 160 Old Derby Street, Hingham, Mass. 02043, U.S.A.
All Rights Reserved 1979 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st Edition 1979 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner Copyright
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GENERAL PREFACE TO THE TREATISE
This volume is part of a comprehensive Treatise on Basic Philosophy. The treatise encompasses what the author takes to be the nucleus of contemporary philosophy, namely semantics (theories of meaning and truth), epistemology (theories of knowledge), metaphysics (general theories of the world), and ethics (theories of value and of right action). Social philosophy, political philosophy, legal philosophy, the philosophy of education, aesthetics, the philosophy of religion and other branches of philosophy have been excluded from the above quadrivium either because they have been absorbed by the sciences of man or because they may be regarded as applications of both fundamental philosophy and logic. Nor has logic been included in the Treatise although it is as much a part of philosophy as it is of mathematics. The reason for this exclusion is that logic has become a subject so technical that only mathematicians can hope to make original contributions to it. We have just borrowed whatever logic we use. The philosophy expounded in the Treatise is systematic and, to some extent, also exact and scientific. That is, the philosophical theories formulated in these volumes are (a) formulated in certain exact (mathematical) languages and (b) hoped to be consistent with contemporary science. Now a word of apology for attempting to build a system of basic philosophy. As we are supposed to live in the age of analysis, it may well be wondered whether there is any room lef
