Triangular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Wire for Standard Ternary Logic
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Triangular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Wire for Standard Ternary Logic Niloofar Ronaghi 1 & Reza Faghih Mirzaee 2
& Samira Sayedsalehi
3
Received: 14 May 2020 / Accepted: 19 October 2020/ # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a computational paradigm that is based on encoding information in terms of the configuration of charge among quantum dots without requiring current switches. Mostly, QCA cells have been realized by employing the electron switching in square quantum-dot cells. In this paper, a triangular metal-dot cell with a single electron is proposed to represent ternary information. Then, an inverter chain of the proposed triangle cells is suggested through juxtaposing the cells. Additionally, wire crossing and wire fan-out are the two inseparable subjects of QCA wire. A wire-crossing method is presented for the proposed ternary wire. Wire fan-out is also dealt with in this paper by an innovative approach. The correctness of operation of proposed cells and wires are thoroughly verified by applying the physical relations. Keywords Quantum-dot cellular automata . QCA wire . Ternary logic . TQCA . Triangular cell . Wire crossing . Wire fan-out
1 Introduction With the continuous down scaling of traditional metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor, this electronic switch has faced some manufacturing and reliability challenges in the nanoscale era [1, 2]. In order to remove the existing barriers and ensure high-performance computation, some alternative emerging nanotechnologies such as carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET) [3], single-electron transistor (SET) [4], and quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) [5] have been suggested. The latter provides a new computing paradigm with exceptional ultra
* Reza Faghih Mirzaee [email protected]
1
Department of Computer Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Computer Engineering, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Computer Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
International Journal of Theoretical Physics
low-power consumption [6] and high speed (THz range) [7] properties. Several technical advances have also been achieved for this technology in terms of circuit design [8–11]. The conventional QCA cell has a square configuration with four main quantum dots (QDs), or sites, and a pair of electrons. It has two possible stable states (or polarizations), where the electrons situate diagonally with the maximal possible separation from each other. The two states can represent a single bit of information. QCA wire is made by putting QCA cells one after another. Data transmission is due to electrostatic interactions among the adjacent cells [12]. There are more than two logic values in multiple-valued logic (MVL) systems. For example, ternary logic has a number set with three digits, {0, 1, 2}3 or {−1, 0, +1}3 [13]. As a benefit, a single wire can
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