Tumor-targeted Strategies
The rising prominence of cancer as a leading cause of death reflects therapeutic predicament over malignancy, leading to intensive efforts for tumor treatment. Anticancer precision medicine has shown great progress in recent years, holding promise to redu
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Tumor-targeted Strategies Min Liu and Weiyue Lu
Abstract The rising prominence of cancer as a leading cause of death reflects therapeutic predicament over malignancy, leading to intensive efforts for tumor treatment. Anticancer precision medicine has shown great progress in recent years, holding promise to reduce side effects and improve treatment outcome. The preferential accumulation of nanomedicines at pathological sites relies on the enhanced permeability and retention effect, which lays the foundation for the passive tumortargeted strategy. In tumors, the abnormally wide fenestrations in the blood vessels allow for the extravasation of materials with sizes up to several hundreds of nanometers. To this end, a class of fairly functional nanomedicines ranging from 5–200 nm have been pursued, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, nanoparticles, biomimetic nanoparticles encapsulated in cell membrane, and polymer-drug conjugates. PEGylation and innate cell membrane encapsulation have been exploited to reduce both opsonization and the uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. Thus, long-circulating nanomedicines could perform the targeting process and convey cargos to tumors. The targets specifically overexpressed on tumor cells and tumor neovasculature provide insights for the active tumor-targeted strategy. The targeting molecules, including antibody, ligand, aptamer, and endogenous substance, specifically recognize antigen, receptor, and transporters and are linked with drugs to form conjugates or modified onto the surface of nanomedicines. Because some innate cells show natural tropism to pathological sites, cell membrane-coated nanoparticles also have great potential for actively delivering therapeutic agents to targeting sites. Using targeting molecules guidance in vivo, precision medicine could identify targets with ideal safety and efficacy profiles. Targeted therapy for cancer has become a critical strategy to revolutionize the traditional treatment of tumors. Keywords Passive tumor-targeted strategy · Active tumor-targeted strategy
M. Liu · W. Lu (*) Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 R. Huang, Y. Wang (eds.), New Nanomaterials and Techniques for Tumor-targeted Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5159-8_3
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Introduction
Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly increasing worldwide. The GLOBOCAN 2018 estimated 18.1 million new cases of cancer and 9.6 million deaths from cancer in 2018. Cancer is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and in every global region, irrespective of the level of human development [1]. Over the past decades, the development of anticancer therapies has been fruitful, and advances in nanotechnology have led to promising tumor-targeted strategies. Tumor-targeted strategies can be classified into passive tumor-targeted and active tumor-targeted strategies.
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