Twenty Years of Ozone Decline Proceedings of the Symposium for the 2
This book includes articles presented by leading scientists in the ozone field at the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol, jointly organized by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Ozone Commission (IO
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Christos Zerefos Georgios Contopoulos Gregory Skalkeas Editors
Twenty Years of Ozone Decline
Christos Zerefos • Georgios Contopoulos Gregory Skalkeas Editors
Twenty Years of Ozone Decline Proceedings of the Symposium for the 20th Anniversary of the Montreal Protocol
Editors Christos Zerefos President IO3C Academy of Athens 4 Soranou Ephessiou 11527 Athens, Greece [email protected]
Georgios Contopoulos Research Center for Astronomy Academy of Athens 4 Soranou Ephessiou 11527 Athens, Greece [email protected]
Gregory Skalkeas President, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens 4 Soranou Ephessiou 11527 Athens, Greece [email protected]
Secretarial and Editorial Assistance: Eleni Christia National Observatory of Athens Greece
ISBN 978-90-481-2468-8 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-2469-5
Seta Gazerian Academy of Athens Greece
e-ISBN 978-90-481-2469-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009926507 c Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover image: Total ozone measured by GOME-2/MetOp on 29 September 2008. Image courtesy: German Aerospace Center (DLR). Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Prolegomena
Ozone is a Greek word, from “´oζ ειν ” meaning smelling, selected in 1839 by Schoenbein, the inventor of gun-cotton from Basel, to characterize a gas with a peculiar odor which he discovered. Its characteristic smell is easily recognizable during electric discharges and after thunderstorms. At Schoenbein’s time many persons have experienced the sensation of a strange odour filling their house at times when the house was enveloped in discharges from a thunder cloud. That sensation of the odour goes back to the historic and pre-historic times. It was described as a “divine” smell which in Greek divine (“θ ε ι´ oν ”) has either the meaning of sulphure or of divine and this has been translated by literature scholars as sulphur’s odour. This has to be corrected in the literature and we have to recognize that since Jupiter was controlling thunder, the smelling in the environment could not have had a sulphure’s odour but a divine odour of the father of the Gods, who was controlling the discharge from a thundercloud and rain, among other things. That smelling is mentioned already in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, as can be read in the following (corrected) extract from the Odyssey: Then Zeus in anger bids his thunders roll, And forky lightnings flash from pole to pole. Fierce at our uncommon wrath, and wrapt in flames. Full on the bark it fell, now high, now low, Toss’d and retoss’d, it reeled beneath the blow. At once
