Typology of psychiatric emergency services in the United Kingdom: a narrative literature review
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Typology of psychiatric emergency services in the United Kingdom: a narrative literature review Opeyemi Odejimi1* , Dhruba Bagchi1 and George Tadros2
Abstract Background: Mental health crisis requiring emergency access to psychiatric service can occur at any time. Psychiatric Emergency Service (PES) is described as one that provides an immediate response to an individual in crisis within the first 24 h. Presently, several types of PESs are available in the United Kingdom (UK) with the aim of providing prompt and effective assessment and management of patients. Therefore, this study aims to provide a detailed narrative literature review of the various types of Psychiatric Emergency Service (PES) currently available in the UK. Method: Electronic search of five key databases (MEDLINE, PsychINFO, EMBASE, AMED and PUBMED) was conducted. Studies were included if it described a mental health service in the UK that provides immediate response in mental health crisis within the first 24 h. Excluded studies did not describe a PES, non-English, and were not conducted in UK. Results: Nine types of PESs were found. Amongst the 9 services, more papers described crisis resolution home treatment. Majority of the papers reported services within England than other countries within the UK. Conclusion: All types of PESs were described as beneficial, particularly to mental health service users, but not without some shortcomings. There is a need to continue carrying out methodological research that evaluate impact, costeffectiveness as well as identify methods of optimising the beneficial outcomes of the various types of PESs. This may help inform researchers, policy makers and commissioners, service users and carers, service providers and many more on how to ensure current and future PESs meet the needs as well as aid recovery during crisis. Keywords: Psychiatric emergency services, Crisis intervention, Mental health services, Mental health crisis, United Kingdom, Literature review
Background The number of individuals seeking mental health care continues to increase in the United Kingdom (UK). It is now estimated that 1 in 6 individual have one form of mental health problem [1]. Mental health services have continued to evolve over the years, with the first notable change occurring in the 1950s after the closure of asylums and the rise in psychopharmacology [2–4]. * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Urgent Care Pathway, Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
The UK has three main kinds of mental health services: routine, urgent and emergency [5]. Routine services are neither urgent nor require emergency intervention. Urgent services are meant for people who require urgent and timely face to face intervention but not immediately lifethreatening. Emergency services are delivered to individuals who are deemed to be in a critical situation that is lifethreatening to the indiv
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