Ultrasound-Assisted Leaching and Kinetic Study of Blended Copper Slag
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SULFIDE copper ores are treated using some smelting processes such as reverberation, flash furnace, and blast furnace. Before feeding copper ores to furnaces, raw ores are subjected to mineral processing procedures such as crushing, grounding, and floating. These high-temperature furnaces facilitate melting and transferring to the matte phase of the copper mass. The copper matte that is obtained as a result is fed to the converter furnace to achieve blister copper. During all these processes, significant copper slags (containing 4 pct Cu on average) come out of the flash furnace and converter furnace. This copper smelter slag exhibits different chemical compounds so that it is based on factors such as composition of copper concentrate, composition of charge, and characteristics of the melting furnace. There are three approaches to processing slags with the extraction of valuable components: (1) flotation, (2) pyrometallurgical processing, and (3) hydrometallurgical processing.[1] Application of pyrometallurgical techniques does not seem attractive due to the high consumption of power, high capital
M. DENIZ TURAN and ASLIHAN DEMIRASLAN are with the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Firat University, 23119 Elazig˘, Turkey. Contact email: mdturan@firat.edu.tr Z. ABIDIN SARI is with the Department of MetallurgyDo¨rtyol Vocational School of Higher Education, Iskenderun Technical University, 31200 Hatay, Turkey. Manuscript submitted October 16, 2018. Article published online June 10, 2019. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
costs, and environmental risks. On the other hand, flotation processing is the most commonly applied method for copper slag enrichment. While copper is recovered by about 50 to 60 pct, zinc in slag is not recovered. Flotation tailing is not used, and these tails are a much greater threat to the environment than slag due to reduced particle size. High-temperature smelting processes for copper production from sulfide copper ores are a necessity because sulfide ores have low dissolution rates in solutions. However, hydrometallurgical processing of copper slag is promising for the future, so scientists have focused on recovering valuable metals from copper slag by using hydrometallurgy. In this context, recovery of precious metals from copper slag was achieved using ferric sulfate,[2] sulfuric acid and sodium chlorate,[3] a combination of magnetic separation-sulfuric acid leaching,[4] chlorine leaching,[5] ammonium chloride,[6] and iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.[7] The use of ultrasound for ore leaching has become increasingly popular in hydrometallurgy. Ultrasound also helps increase the diffusion speed of soluble species in the liquid phase, and it is known to enhance solid–liquid interface reactions. Because hydrometallurgy studies contain a liquid–solid reaction, ultrasound may play an active role in ion transfer between the phases. Some leaching studies using ultrasound may be specified as leaching of converter slag, metal recovery from printed board, leaching of trace me
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