Understanding Innovation Through Exaptation

This book explores the role of exaptation in diverse areas of life, with examples ranging from biology to economics, social sciences and architecture. The concept of exaptation, introduced in evolutionary biology by Gould and Vrba in 1982, describes

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F R O N T I E R S

C O L L E C T I O N

Caterina AM La Porta Stefano Zapperi Luciano Pilotti (Eds.)

U N DER STA N DI NG I N NOVAT ION T H ROUGH E X A P TAT ION

THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION Series Editors Avshalom C. Elitzur, Iyar, Israel Institute of Advanced Research, Rehovot, Israel Zeeya Merali, Foundational Questions Institute, Decatur, GA, USA Thanu Padmanabhan, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, India Maximilian Schlosshauer, Department of Physics, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA Mark P. Silverman, Department of Physics, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA Jack A. Tuszynski, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Rüdiger Vaas, Redaktion Astronomie, Physik, bild der wissenschaft, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany

The books in this collection are devoted to challenging and open problems at the forefront of modern science and scholarship, including related philosophical debates. In contrast to typical research monographs, however, they strive to present their topics in a manner accessible also to scientifically literate non-specialists wishing to gain insight into the deeper implications and fascinating questions involved. Taken as a whole, the series reflects the need for a fundamental and interdisciplinary approach to modern science and research. Furthermore, it is intended to encourage active academics in all fields to ponder over important and perhaps controversial issues beyond their own speciality. Extending from quantum physics and relativity to entropy, consciousness, language and complex systems—the Frontiers Collection will inspire readers to push back the frontiers of their own knowledge.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5342

Caterina AM La Porta Stefano Zapperi Luciano Pilotti •



Editors

Understanding Innovation Through Exaptation

123

Editors Caterina AM La Porta Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Center for Complexity and Biosystems University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Stefano Zapperi Department of Physics Center for Complexity and Biosystems University of Milan Milan, Italy

CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto di Biofisica Genova, Italy Innovation For Well-Being And Environment (CRC-I-WE) University of Milan Milan, Italy Luciano Pilotti Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of Milan Milan, Italy

ISSN 1612-3018 ISSN 2197-6619 (electronic) The Frontiers Collection ISBN 978-3-030-45783-9 ISBN 978-3-030-45784-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45784-6 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter devel