Understanding visitor interaction with a projection augmented relief model display: insights from an in-the-wild study i
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S.I. : PERVASIVE DISPLAYS
Understanding visitor interaction with a projection augmented relief model display: insights from an in-the-wild study in the English Lake District Gary Priestnall 1
&
Keith Cheverst 2
Received: 13 November 2018 / Accepted: 5 September 2019 # The Author(s) 2019
Abstract Projection augmented relief models (PARMs) are a promising tangible display technology for assisting users in orientating themselves within the represented landscape. The production of physical models is now easier than ever thanks to more freely available digital terrain data and 3D fabrication technology. When placed in a public setting, such as a visitor centre, the physical nature of such displays coupled with digital surface projection is compelling, enticing passers-by to notice and interact playfully with the display. In this article, we describe findings from our in-the-wild study of a PARM display designed to engage and orient visitors to the rural landscape of a remote valley in the heart of the English Lake District. The deployment has involved close collaboration with the Lake District National Trust, and the results of our 3-day observation study (n = 221) contribute to the growing research community seeking to explore and uncover technology designs that are both playful and unobtrusive to the nature experience. Our research also contributes to the literature on public and situated digital displays and, in particular, understandings of visitor behaviour as considered through the so-called audience funnel framework. Our observations revealed that a significant portion (79%) of visitors noticed the PARM display and that, of these, 68% transitioned to giving the display their focal attention. We also observed an apparent expectation for the PARM display to support direct tangible interaction (such as pointing gestures) which contrasts to the phenomenon of interaction blindness discussed in the literature. Keywords Projection augmented relief model . Visitor engagement . Landscape interpretation . Audience funnel
1 Introduction The benefits of nature to the public are widely recognised. For example, a recent EU report [1] concludes that There is robust scientific and practice-based evidence that nature can contribute to addressing health and social challenges that EU citizens are facing In the commercial domain, and particularly the mobile app market, there are a growing number of smartphone apps that
* Gary Priestnall [email protected] 1
School of Geography, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
2
School of Computing and Communications, InfoLab21, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4WA, UK
support interaction in nature, for example apps designed to support hiking in nature [2]. Furthermore, there is a growing research community interested in investigating the potential ways that digital technology such as smartphones can be used to support users’ engagement with nature [3] and the tensions and challenges that arise. A key challenge for interaction design is to explore and
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