Universities, Disruptive Technologies, and Continuity in Higher Education
This book seeks to understand the effects of the current information revolution on universities by examining the effects of two previous information revolutions: Gutenberg’s invention and proof of printing in 1450 and the Scientific Revolution from the mi
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Universities, Disruptive Technologies, and Continuity in Higher Education
Gavin Moodie
Universities, Disruptive Technologies, and Continuity in Higher Education The Impact of Information Revolutions
Gavin Moodie Toronto, Ontario, Canada
ISBN 978-1-137-54942-6 ISBN 978-1-137-54943-3 DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-54943-3
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016947339 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image © PureStock/Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Nature America Inc. New York
CONTENTS
1
Changing Universities 1.1 Three Information Revolutions 1.1.1 Gutenberg Revolution 1.1.2 The Scientific Revolution 1.1.3 Digital Revolution 1.2 Three Factors Shaping Change in Universities 1.2.1 Financial, Technological, and Physical Resources 1.2.2 Nature, Structure, and Level of Knowledge 1.2.3 Methods Available for Managing Knowledge 1.3 Evidence 1.4 Development of the Argument References
1 3 5 7 8 10 10 11 14 15 19 23
2
Students and Society 2.1 Contemporary Cost Pressures 2.1.1 Cost Disease 2.1.2 Increasing Participation 2.1.3 Balance Between Subsidy and Fees 2.2 Early Tuition Fees and Financial Aid 2.3 Students 2.4 The Language of Scholarship References
29 30 30 30 31 32 34 38 42
v
vi
CONTENTS
3
Libraries 3.1 To Deal with a Scarcity of Books 3.2 To Deal with a Profusion of Books 3.3 The Digital Revolution References
47 49 51 56 58
4
Curriculum 4.1 Careers 4.2 Culture 4.3 Knowledge 4.4 Expansion of Careers 4.5 Curriculum Form References
63 65 70 74 76 80 82
5
Pedagogical Change 5.1 Medieval Origins 5.2 Peer Teaching 5.3 Practical Classes 5.4 Levels 5.5 Classroom Teaching 5.6 Technology 5.6.1 Writing 5.6.2 Printing 5.6.3 Blackboards 5.6.4 The Twentieth Century 5.6.5 The Digital Revolution References
89 90 96 98 100 103 105 105 106 110 111 112 116
6
Lectures 6.1
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