University-Industry R&D Collaboration in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan
Over the last several decades there has been a growing interest in Research & Development (R&D) policy. This is particularly so in advanced industrialized nations that have adopted science- and technology- based strategies for national economic co
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Library of Public Policy and Public Administration Volume 1
General Editor: DICK W.P. RUITER Faculty of Public Administration and Public Policy, University ofTwente, Enschede, The Netherlands
UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY R&D COLLABORATION IN THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED KINGDOM, ANDJAPAN by
DianneRahm Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
lohn Kirkland National Institute of Economic and Social Research, London, u.K.
and
Barry Bozeman Georgia Institute ofTechnology, Atlanta, Georgia, U.SA
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.Y.
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5361-9 ISBN 978-94-015-9574-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9574-2
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
TADLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Political and Economic Rationale for Govemment Involvement in R&D 1.1.1. The Market Failure Paradigm 1.1.2. Expansion ofthe Market Failure Paradigm: Industrial Policy and Defense Conversion 1.2. R&D Policy Mechanisms 1.2.1. Appropriations, Grants, and Contracts 1.2.2. Financing and Tax Incentives 1.2.3. Collaborative R&D Strategies 2. mSTORICAL PERSPECTIVIES 2.1. The U.S. Setting 2.1.1. The Pre-Civil War Period 2.1.2. The Civil War and Its Aftermath 2.1.3. The Beginning ofthe 20th Century 2.1.4. World War I 2.1.5. The Great Depression and World War 11 2.1.6. The Cold War Period and Its Aftermath 2.2. The u.K. Setting 2.2.1. Phases ofExpansion 2.2.2. Research and "Relevance" 2.2.3. Relations with Industry 2.3. The Japanese Setting 2.3.1. Japan's Science and Technology Before The Meiji Restoration 2.3.2. Science, Technology and Education in the Meiji Period 2.3.3. Developments During the Showa Period and World War 11 2.3.4. Post-War Science, Technology and Higher Education 3. A DESCRIPTION OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY R&D COLLABORATION IN THE UNITED STATES 3.1. The Environment ofthe Universities 3.1.1. Institutional Infrastructure for University-Industry Collaboration
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T ABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2. Factors Affecting the Industrial Base 3.3. Government Policy for University-Industty Collaboration 4. EVALUATION OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY R&D COLLABORATION IN THE UNITED STATES 4.1. The Impact ofUniversity-Industty Collaborative R&D on the Industrial Base 4.2. The Impact ofUniversity-Industty Collaborative R&D on Universities 4.2.1. The Emergence ofThe Entrepreneurial University 4.2.2. Changes In University Structure, Culture, and Procedure 4.2.3. Dealing With Conflicts OfInterest and Commitment 4.3. The Success ofUniversity-I
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