Upgrading the prediction of jet grouting column diameter using deep learning with an emphasis on high energies
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Upgrading the prediction of jet grouting column diameter using deep learning with an emphasis on high energies Esteban Dı´az1,2 • Roberto Toma´s1 Received: 19 April 2020 / Accepted: 12 October 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This article proposed a new method to estimate the diameter of jet grouting columns. The method uses the largest data collection of column diameters measured to date and includes a large amount of new data that fills the existing gap of data for high injection energies. The dataset was analysed using a deep neural network that took into account the problem’s key parameters (i.e. type of soil, soil resistance, type of jet and specific energy in the nozzle). As a result, three different neural networks were selected, one for each type of jet, according to the errors and consistency associated with each. Finally, using the trained networks, a number of design charts were developed to determine the diameter of a jet grouting column as a function of the soil properties and the jet system. These charts allow generating an optimal jet grouting design, improving the prediction of the diameter of jet columns especially in the high energy triple fluid. Keywords Column diameter Deep learning Ground improvement Jet grouting Neural networks
1 Introduction Jet grouting [38] is the most powerful, versatile and studied technique among existing ground improvement methods. The technology uses radial fluid injection at very high speeds to erode the ground, partially replacing the eroded material and mixing it with a grouting agent (grout) to create a new material [5, 6, 22]. Jet grouting has led to wide ranging applications including foundations, underpinnings, excavation supports, soil improvements, among others [11, 19, 21]. Currently, there are a large number of jet grouting procedures [8]. However, there are three traditional systems according to the number of fluids injected: single fluid (only grout is injected), double fluid (grout enshrouded by Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-01091-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Esteban Dı´az [email protected] 1
Departamento de Ingenierı´a Civil. Escuela Polite´cnica Superior, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
2
Grupo Terratest, S.A, Madrid, Spain
air or water is used) and triple fluid (grout and water enshrouded by air is used) [11, 14]. Other systems also exist, such as enhanced triple fluid and superjet grouting, widely used nowadays, which are essentially improvements of the traditional methods [8, 37]. The final product obtained with a jet grouting treatment depends on many factors [15], which in turn reside both in the parameters of the system itself (type of jet, injection pressure, flow rate, injected material, lifting and rotational speed of the monitor) and the soil to improve (particle size di
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