Urban Mining Systems
This book focuses on the fundamental concept of and current endeavors in “urban mining” among those who are interested in both metal resources and ecology. Systems for recycling and reusing precious metals and rare-earth minerals contained in used and dis
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Takashi Nakamura Kohmei Halada
Urban Mining Systems
123
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8884
Takashi Nakamura · Kohmei Halada
Urban Mining Systems
13
Takashi Nakamura Tohoku University Sendai Miyagi Japan
Kohmei Halada National Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Japan
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic) ISBN 978-4-431-55074-7 ISBN 978-4-431-55075-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55075-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014945263 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Author(s) 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Mass production systems for large-scale consumption will change due to global warming (climate change), diffusion of harmful wastes, and depletion of resources (especially energy resources). Nevertheless, the present period can be called the most active in terms of material production and consumption in the history of humans, although there are great differences in these activities depending on the part of the world. The essence of the environmental problem now being faced is a result of (1) the growth and diversification of production activity to maintain a comfortable human lifestyle and (2)
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