US population norms for the EQ-5D-5L and comparison of norms from face-to-face and online samples
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US population norms for the EQ‑5D‑5L and comparison of norms from face‑to‑face and online samples Ruixuan Jiang1 · M. F. Bas Janssen2,3 · A. Simon Pickard4 Accepted: 19 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose Normative scores (norms) allow for comparisons between population(s) of interest and the general population, which is useful for burden of disease studies and cost-effectiveness analysis. The primary aim of this study was to estimate US visual analogue scale (EQ VAS) and utility-based norms for the EQ-5D-5L using the face-to-face sample. The secondary aim was to compare norms estimated in the face-to-face and online populations. Methods This study estimated population norms from two general population surveys: (a) face-to-face and (b) online. In these surveys, respondents provided their health state using the EQ-5D-5L health classifier and the EQ VAS. Descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval, and median for the 5L utility and EQ VAS were estimated for each sample and across relevant respondent characteristics to serve as the basis for US EQ-5D-5L norms Results Face-to-face sample respondents (n = 1134) were representative of the US adult general population. In this sample, mean (SD) utility decreased with increasing age until age 45 or greater (age 45–54: 0.816 (0.249) age 55–64: 0.815 (0.243) age 65–74: 0.824 (0.217) age 75 + : 0.811 (0.218)). With increasing age, more problems were reported on all dimensions except anxiety/depression; a smaller proportion of respondents age 65 and older reported problems with anxiety/depression (23.8%) as compared to the youngest respondents (42.1%). Online (n = 2018) mean utility and EQ VAS values were consistently lower than the face-to-face sample. Conclusions The availability of US EQ-5D-5L norms facilitates interpretation and understanding of general population and patient health. Keywords Population norms · Normative values · EQ-5D-5L · Reference values · Health-related quality of life · Patient reported outcomes · Online · Face-to-face
Introduction Results previously presented at 2020 EuroQol Academy in Prague, Czech Republic on March 3, 2020. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02650-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * A. Simon Pickard [email protected] 1
Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
2
EuroQol Group, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
3
Section Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
4
Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes, and Policy, University of Illinois At Chicago College of Pharmacy, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
The EQ-5D is the most widely used generic multi-attribute utility instrument in the world, and it has numerous applications in health care [1]. It is applied in a variety of research and clinical practice settings, such as clinical trials, cos
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