U.S. Social Welfare Reform Policy Transitions from 1981 to the Prese
Nearly half a century after Lyndon Johnson coined the phrase, America continues to fight the war on poverty, especially as such modern realities as the global economy, job outsourcing, and the recession contribute to the numbers of the unemployed and the
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Richard K. Caputo
U.S. Social Welfare Reform Policy Transitions from 1981 to the Present
Richard K. Caputo Yeshiva University Wurzweiler School of Social Work Amsterdam Ave. 2495 10033 New York, NY USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-7673-4 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7674-1 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7674-1 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011920682 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To Mary My lovely wife and dearest friend in this journey of life
In Memory
Emily and Salvatore Caputo, My Parents Arthur Mann, Historian
Preface
This book examines changes in social welfare provisioning for low-income families in the U.S.A. between 1981, the advent of the Ronald Reagan administration, and 2010, the second year of the Barak Obama administration. It is divided into two parts. Chapters 1–6 make up Part I which focuses on changes from the Federal-state open entitlement Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program to the time-limited state run Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program which Congress authorized with passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996. Part I also highlights the development of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) program, enacted in 1975 against the backdrop of failed efforts to nationalize AFDC aimed at providing a basic income to all poor families, but which blossomed with continued bipartisan support throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. In addition to these developments, Part I presents results of research showing the prevalence and patterns of EITC, TANF, and other social program use in two National Longitudinal Survey cohorts (NLSY79 and NLSY97) of EITCeligible persons and their families. Particular attention is given to predictors of EITC take-up rates in both cohorts. The role of awareness in the EITC take-up rate is examined in the NLSY97 cohort. The main thrust of Part I is to chart developments in job training and education programs linking welfare to work, thereby mainstreaming the able-bodied welfare population into the economy with varying degrees of success. Chapters 7–10 make up Pa
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